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Biology A2 > Genome projects and gene technologies > Flashcards

Genome projects and gene technologies Flashcards

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1
Q

Outline the importance of genome sequencing projects

A
  • Shortcuts
  • Find genes more easily
  • Allows early intervention medically
  • Evolutionary links
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2
Q

Describe the nature of the proteome.

A
  • All proteins produced by the genome
  • Certain cells produce certain proteins
  • Non-coding DNA
  • All proteins produced in a given type of cell
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3
Q

Describe how to determine the genome and proteome of simple organisms

A
  • Prokaryotic DNA is circular, no histones or introns
  • Knowledge of exploiting genes to cure diseases
  • Bioinformation
  • Whole genome shotgun
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4
Q

Describe how to determine the genome and proteome of complex organisms

A
  • Complex organisms have much more DNA
  • Humans have introns
  • Whole genome shotgun sequencing
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5
Q

What is recombinant DNA technology?

A

It involves the transfer of fragments of DNA from one organism to another. Since the genetic code is universal the transferred DNA can be translated within cells of the transgenic organism.

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6
Q

How can you isolate a DNA fragment?

A
  • Reverse transcriptase

- Restriction endonuclease

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7
Q

How is reverse transcriptase used in DNA isolation?

A
  • Converts mRNA to DNA (like in HIV)
  • mRNA is easier to obtain than DNA
  • Doesn’t involve introns
  • Produces complementary DNA (cDNA)
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8
Q

How are restriction endonucleases used in DNA isolation?

A
  • Fragments DNA in specific places (base sequence)
  • Palindrome sequences
  • Sticky ends
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9
Q

How can you amplify a DNA fragment?

A
  • In vivo

- In vitro

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10
Q

How is DNA amplified in vivo?

A
  • Inside a host, e.g. bacteria
  • DNA is inserted into the host with the addition of promoter and terminator regions
  • Restriction enzyme cuts plasmid and DNA ligase inserts DNA into plasmid (vectors)
  • In order to identify whether the cell was transformed an antibiotic resistance gene or bioluminescence gene (marker genes) is also inserted to the plasmid and checked if they are being expressed.
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11
Q

How is DNA amplified in vitro?

A
  • Inside a lab, in glass

- Polymerase Chain reaction

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12
Q

Describe the polymerase chain reaction

A
  • Denaturation using high temperatures
  • Annealing using DNA primers (nucleotides) and cool down
  • Extension of DNA
  • Exponential amplification
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13
Q

Name some uses of recombinant DNA

A
  • Food resistant to pests
  • GM cottons
  • Vaccines and medicine
  • Insulin
  • Enzymes
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14
Q

What moral issues surround the use of recombinant DNA technology?

A
  • Animal testing (transgenic animals)

- ‘Unnatural’

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15
Q

What is somatic therapy?

A
  • Altering alleles in body cells
  • using a harmless virus: gene added to plasmid and virus inhaled
  • using liposomes: phospholipid bilayer, able to fuse with membrane by endocytosis
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16
Q

What is germ-line therapy

A

Altering alleles in gametes- illegal

17
Q

What are the advantages of gene therapy?

A
  • Easy to administer
  • Avoids terminal disease
  • Harmless to the person
  • Could prolong life
18
Q

Disadvantages of gene therapy?

A
  • Targeting cells is difficult
  • Can’t cure diseases
  • Requires multiple treatments
19
Q

What are DNA probes?

A

Complementary, single stranded markers on DNA used for identification, radioactively labeled

20
Q

What is DNA hybridisation?

A

Hybridisation of different DNA to identify mutations. Involves a combination of strands of DNA to identify similarities and evolutionary links

21
Q

What is genetic counselling?

A
  • Advising patients of specific genetic risks and giving them options on how to proceed
22
Q

What is personalised medicine?

A

Medication targeted towards people depending on their DNA. Allows for accurate prescription and diagnosis

23
Q

What are VNTRs?

A

Variable number tandem repeats, i.e., repeats in non-coding DNA

24
Q

What are the uses of genetic fingerprinting?

A
  • Forensic investigations
  • Checking breeding
  • Identification of criminals
  • Wildlife protection
  • Medical diagnosis
25
Q

What are the steps in genetic fingerprinting?

A
  • Extraction
  • Digestion
  • Separation
  • Hybridisation
  • Development
26
Q

What does extraction involve in genetic fingerprinting?

A
  • E.g. through a drop of blood

- PCR

27
Q

What does digestion involve in g.f?

A

Using specific restriction endonucleases to cut specific DNA sequences

28
Q

What doe separation involve in g.f?

A

Using gel electrophoresis to separate the DNA fragments by size

29
Q

What does hybridisation involve in g.f?

A

DNA probes are used to bind to the DNA under specific conditions

30
Q

What does development involve in g.f?

A

X-ray film is put over a nylon membrane. Radiation from the probes allows the position of the fragments to be seen after gel electrophoresis.

Biology A2 (20 decks)

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