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Biology module 5 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process by which complex organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, are broken down to release energy which is then used to make ATP

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2
Q

Where does aerobic respiration mainly occur?

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

What requires energy?

A

Anabolic reactions
Movement
Active transport

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5
Q

What are the 4 stages of respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Kreb’s cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

Matrix

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8
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur?

A

Matrix

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9
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Inner membrane

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10
Q

What gets oxidised in respiration?

A

Glucose (goes to carbon dioxide)

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11
Q

What gets reduced in respiration?

A

Oxygen (goes to water)

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12
Q

What enzymes are used in respiration?

A

Dehydrogenase enzymes

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13
Q

What do dehydrogenase enzymes do?

A

Remove hydrogen

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14
Q

What coenzymes are used in respiration?

A

NAD
FAD
CoA
(ATP)

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15
Q

What is the diameter of a mitochondria?

A

0.5-1 micrometers

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16
Q

What is the length of a mitochondria?

A

2-5 micrometers

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17
Q

What does glycolysis mean?

A

Splitting carbohydrates

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18
Q

What type of respiration does glycolysis happen in?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic as it doesn’t require oxygen

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19
Q

What organisms do glycolysis?

A

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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20
Q

What does glycolysis form?

A

2 molecules of pyruvate from one glucose molecule
2 ATP
2 reduced FAD

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21
Q

What happens to glucose in the first step of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP is used (dephosphorylation) to form hexose bisphosphate

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22
Q

What happens to hexose bisphosphate is glycolysis?

A

Lysis as it is unstable

Forms 2 triose phosphates

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23
Q

What happens to the 2 triose phosphates in glycolysis?

A

Gets phosphorylated using phosphate in the cytoplasm to form 2 triose bisphosphate

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24
Q

What happens to the 2 triose bisphosphate in glycolysis?

A

Phosphates are used to make 4 ATP
Uses hydrogen to reduce 2 NAD
Forms 2 pyruvate molecules

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25
Q

What is dephosphorylated in glycolysis?

A

ATP, Triose bisphosphate

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26
Q

What is lysed in glycolysis?

A

Hexose bisphosphate

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27
Q

What is dehydrogenated in glycolysis?

A

Triose bisphosphate

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28
Q

What is reduced in glycolysis?

A

NAD

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29
Q

What is oxidised in glycolysis?

A

Triose bisphosphate

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30
Q

What is phosphorylated in glycolysis?

A

ADP, Glucose, Triose phosphate

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31
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

Something that helps an enzyme to function

In respiration they are required for dehydrogenase enzymes to remove the hydrogen

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32
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

Using phosphate that is removed from an organic molecule to produce ATP from ADP+Pi

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33
Q

What is another name for the link reaction?

A

Oxidative decarboxylation

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34
Q

How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Through membrane proteins by active transport. requires ATP produced by aerobic respiration

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35
Q

What is the name given to the process that removes carbon dioxide?

A

Decarboxylation

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36
Q

What is removed from pyruvate in the link reaction?

A

Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen (in order to reduce 2 NAD)
This forms acetate

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37
Q

What is joined to acetate in the link reaction?

A

Coenzyme A

This forms Acetyl CoA

38
Q

What are the organic and inorganic products formed in the link reaction?

A

Inorganic - Carbon dioxide

Organic - Acetyl CoA

39
Q

Why does glycolysis occur in the cytoplasm instead of in the mitochondria?

A

Glycolysis came before mitochondria

Mitochondria only came later - after endosymbiosis

40
Q

How does a multi-enzyme complex increase the efficiency in a metabolic pathway?

A

Requires lots of different enzymes as there are lots of different substrates
All enzymes are closer together so speeds up the process (less time to get from one enzyme to another)

41
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced in the link reaction per glucose?

A

0

42
Q

How many molecules of reduced NAD are produced in the link reaction per glucose?

A

2 (1 from each pyruvate)

43
Q

How many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced in the link reaction per glucose?

A

2 (1 from each pyruvate)

44
Q

How do you remember the Kreb’s cycle?

A

DeNA DeNA A FANA

45
Q

What does DeNA DeNA A FANA mean?

A 
Decarboxylation
NAD is reduced
Decarboxylation
NAD is reduced
ATP produced
FAD reduced
NAD reduced
46
Q

What does the Kreb’s cycle start with?

A

Oxaloacetate + Acetyl CoA

47
Q

What occurs to allow reduction to occur in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Dehydrogenation (removed H and adds it to NAD/FAD)

Also, oxidation

48
Q

How is ATP produced in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

Phosphate comes from substrate

49
Q

What does Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate form in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Citrate (before first carboxylation)

50
Q

What is Decarboxylation?

A

Removal of carbon dioxide

51
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle happen?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

52
Q

What is the main purpose of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Reduce coenzymes

53
Q

How many times does the Kreb’s cycle turn per glucose molecule?

A

2

54
Q

Why is ATP counted as a coenzyme?

A

It is required for enzymes to work as it moves phosphate groups between reactions

55
Q

Why is FAD used in one specific step of the Kreb’s cycle rather than NAD?

A

It is a coenzyme for a different enzyme that is used in that one specific step

56
Q

What occurs to the reduced FAD/NAD in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

They are oxidised

57
Q

What happens to ADP in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Phosphorylated by chemiosmosis to produce large quantities of ATP

58
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Membrane in cristae in mitochondria

59
Q

What happens to the electrons that are released by oxidising NADH and FADH in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

They go through the ETC using mobile electron carriers.

This releases energy to power proton pumps

60
Q

What do the proton pumps do in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Pump H+ ions from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.

61
Q

What does the pumping of protons produce in oxidative phosphorylation??

A

An electrochemical gradient

62
Q

What is oxygen known as in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The final electron acceptor

63
Q

What happens to the electrons at the end of the ETC in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

They are accepted by oxygen. This also combines with H+ ions to form water

64
Q

What happens due to the electrochemical gradient in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

H+ ions in the intermembrane space flow through ATP synthase into the mitochondrial matrix which joins ADP+Pi to form lots of ATP

65
Q

How is anaerobic respiration different?

A

Doesn’t use oxygen
Doesn’t involve Link reaction, Kreb’s cycle or oxidative phosphorylation
Doesn’t involve mitochondria (in cytoplasm)
Final electron acceptor is pyruvate
Lower ATP yield as only 1 stage - glycolysis

66
Q

What are the 2 types of anaerobic respiration?

A

Alcoholic fermentation

Lactate fermentation

67
Q

What is produced it lactate fermentation?

A

Lactate and NAD

68
Q

What happens in lactate fermentation?

A

Reduced NAD from glycolysis transfers hydrogen to pyruvate to form lactate and NAD
NAD is then reused in glycolysis

69
Q

What are the positives of lactate fermentation?

A

Glycolysis can continue when oxygen is low so small amounts of ATP can be made to keep some biological processes going.
Cells can tolerate high levels of lactate
Lactate converted back to glucose by gluconeogenesis

70
Q

What are the negatives of lactate fermentation?

A

Only small amounts of ATP are produced.

Lactate is toxic.

71
Q

Where does alcoholic fermentation occur?

A

In yeast

72
Q

What does alcoholic fermentation produce?

A

Carbon dioxide, ethanol and NAD

73
Q

What happens in alcoholic fermentation?

A

CO2 is removed from pyruvate to form ethanal.
Reduced NAD from glycolysis transfers hydrogen to ethanal to form ethanol and NAD
NAD is then reused in glycolysis

74
Q

What are the positives of alcoholic fermentation?

A

Produces some ATP by glycolysis when Oxygen is low

75
Q

What are the similarities between lactate fermentation and alcoholic fermentation?

A

Takes place in cytoplasm
Starts with glycolysis (produces pyruvate)
Regenerates NAD
Releases less energy than aerobic respiration
No oxygen

76
Q

What are the differences between lactate fermentation and alcoholic fermentation?

A

LF - Mammals (some bacteria), produces lactate, 1 step, No other products
AF - Yeast cells (some plants), produces ethanol, 2 steps, also produces CO2

77
Q

What is the definition of respiratory substrate?

A

An organic molecule that can be broken down in respiration to release energy

78
Q

What is the primary respiratory substrate?

A

Glucose

79
Q

What respiratory substrate releases the most energy?>

A

Lipids

80
Q

Why do lipids release the most energy?

A

They have the most hydrogen atoms per unit mass, so they produce more reduced coenzymes in respiration so more ATP is produced.

81
Q

Why do organisms not respire lipids or proteins first?

A

They have other functions. Fats - insulation, Protein in muscles so respire glucose then fats then protein

82
Q

What does the RQ value show?

A

What respiratory substrate is being respired and therefore what type of metabolism the organism has

83
Q

How do you work out the RQ value?

A

Volume or moles of CO2 produced / Volume or moles of oxygen produced

84
Q

What are the units for RQ?

A

No units

85
Q

What is the RQ for carbohydrates?

A

1.0

86
Q

What is the RQ for proteins?

A

0.9

87
Q

What is the RQ for fats?

A

0.7

88
Q

When can the RQ be more than 1.0?

A

When using carbohydrates and anaerobic respiration

89
Q

With respirometers, what is used as a control test?

A

Glass beads with the same mass as the thing you are measuring. Makes sure any changes are due to the respiration of the thing you’re testing

90
Q

With respirometers, what causes the fluid to move?

A

The uptake of oxygen as the CO2 is removed by the soda lime

91
Q

How do you calculate the volume of oxygen used?

A

Measure how far the fluid moved

Pi X r squared X h

92
Q

How would you calculate the rate of oxygen consumption?

A

Volume used / time

Biology module 5 (7 decks)

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