Respiration Flashcards
What is respiration?
The process by which complex organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, are broken down to release energy which is then used to make ATP
Where does aerobic respiration mainly occur?
Mitochondria
Where does anaerobic respiration occur?
Cytoplasm
What requires energy?
Anabolic reactions
Movement
Active transport
What are the 4 stages of respiration?
Glycolysis
Link reaction
Kreb’s cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
Where does the link reaction occur?
Matrix
Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur?
Matrix
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Inner membrane
What gets oxidised in respiration?
Glucose (goes to carbon dioxide)
What gets reduced in respiration?
Oxygen (goes to water)
What enzymes are used in respiration?
Dehydrogenase enzymes
What do dehydrogenase enzymes do?
Remove hydrogen
What coenzymes are used in respiration?
NAD
FAD
CoA
(ATP)
What is the diameter of a mitochondria?
0.5-1 micrometers
What is the length of a mitochondria?
2-5 micrometers
What does glycolysis mean?
Splitting carbohydrates
What type of respiration does glycolysis happen in?
Aerobic and anaerobic as it doesn’t require oxygen
What organisms do glycolysis?
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
What does glycolysis form?
2 molecules of pyruvate from one glucose molecule
2 ATP
2 reduced FAD
What happens to glucose in the first step of glycolysis?
2 ATP is used (dephosphorylation) to form hexose bisphosphate
What happens to hexose bisphosphate is glycolysis?
Lysis as it is unstable
Forms 2 triose phosphates
What happens to the 2 triose phosphates in glycolysis?
Gets phosphorylated using phosphate in the cytoplasm to form 2 triose bisphosphate
What happens to the 2 triose bisphosphate in glycolysis?
Phosphates are used to make 4 ATP
Uses hydrogen to reduce 2 NAD
Forms 2 pyruvate molecules
What is dephosphorylated in glycolysis?
ATP, Triose bisphosphate
What is lysed in glycolysis?
Hexose bisphosphate
What is dehydrogenated in glycolysis?
Triose bisphosphate
What is reduced in glycolysis?
NAD
What is oxidised in glycolysis?
Triose bisphosphate
What is phosphorylated in glycolysis?
ADP, Glucose, Triose phosphate
What is a coenzyme?
Something that helps an enzyme to function
In respiration they are required for dehydrogenase enzymes to remove the hydrogen
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Using phosphate that is removed from an organic molecule to produce ATP from ADP+Pi
What is another name for the link reaction?
Oxidative decarboxylation
How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrial matrix?
Through membrane proteins by active transport. requires ATP produced by aerobic respiration
What is the name given to the process that removes carbon dioxide?
Decarboxylation
What is removed from pyruvate in the link reaction?
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen (in order to reduce 2 NAD)
This forms acetate