Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology module 5 > Communication/Homeostasis > Flashcards

Communication/Homeostasis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment within a narrow limit despite conditions changing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What external factors need to be monitored?

A

Temperature, light intensity, humidity, pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What internal factors must be kept fairly constant?

A

Temperature, blood glucose, blood pressure, blood salt, water potential of blood and CO2 concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why must factors be kept within certain limits?

A

So cells function normally and enzymes work at optimum level/don’t denature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the body know when to remove a waste product?

A

The accumulation of waste products acts as a stimulus and causes the removal of these wastes into the blood so they can be excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the definition of a stimulus?

A

Change in the environment that requires a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What part of a body detects a change?

A

Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the sequence from stimulus to response?

A

Stimulus, receptor, sensory neurone, co-ordinator, motor neurone, effector, response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When a deviation from the set point cause a sequence of events that counteracts the change and restores the set point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What 2 systems are used to respond to a stimulus?

A

Hormonal

Nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What 2 things does the body do to regulate respiratory gases during exercise?

A

Increase breathing rate

Increase heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the definition of positive feedback?

A

When a deviation from the set point causes changes that result in an even greater deviation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is childbirth an example of positive feedback?

A

Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes baby towards cervix, head of baby pushes against cervix, nerve impulses from cervix are transmitted to the brain, brain stimulates pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin, oxytocin carried in bloodstream to uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What will a good communication system do?

A 
Cover the whole body
Enable cells to communicate with each other
Enable specific communication
Enable rapid communication
Enable short and long term responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do cells communicate with each other?

A

Cell signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What 2 ways can cell signalling occur?

A

Electrical (neurones) very quick, rapid response to stimuli that may change quickly
Chemical (hormones) uses blood to transport signals, longer responses to specific target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is it important to maintain solute/glucose levels?

A

Otherwise changes the water potential and therefore amount of osmosis that occurs in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Process whereby animals regulate their temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can some animals do in order to prevent ice crystals forming in their cells?

A

If cells cool below 0 degrees some animals produce antifreeze

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the core temperature of humans?

A

37 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a homeotherm?

A

Regulate body temperature about a set point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a poikilotherm?

A

Allowed their body temperature to conform to the environment, fluctuates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When are poikilotherms better than homeotherms?

A

In an environment with a stable temperature (deep sea fishes) may have a more constant body temperature than homeotherms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are ectotherms?

A

Animals that use external heat sources to regulate temperature. They have a relatively low metabolic rate, do not use metabolism to generate heat and have a body temperature that conforms to the ambient temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are endotherms?

A

Animals that use metabolism to generate body heat and maintain their temperature above the ambient temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are features of ectotherms?

A

Body temperature depends on environment
Have a variable metabolic rate so generate little heat
Temperature determines their activity levels
Regulate temperature by changing their behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are features of endotherms?

A

Efficient mechanisms for thermoregulation
Less affected by surrounding temperature
Constantly high metabolic rate so generate lots of heat
Can also change behaviour to control temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What behavioural things can an animal do to maintain body temperature?

A 
Reorientation of the body varies surface area exposed to the sun.
Thermal gaping - open mouth, more evaporation
Colour change - dark absorb more heat
Body raising - less conduction
Burrowing - more stable environment
Bask in the sun to warm up
Find shade to cool down 
Go in water to cool down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why do most ectotherms live in water?

A

Water has a high specific heat capacity so doesn’t change temperature quickly/often

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why do endotherms need more food?

A

Use metabolic reactions in order to produce heat which requires energy from food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What part of the brain receives sensory input about the temperature?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What receptors detect a change in temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where are thermoreceptors found?

A

Hypothalamus

Skin (peripheral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect?

A

Temperature of the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What do peripheral thermoreceptors detect?

A

External air temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the effect of thermoreceptors?

A

Send nerve impulses along sensory neurons to the hypothalamus. This sends nerve impulses along motor neurons to the effectors. These then respond to restore the body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the main advantage of having the two thermoreceptors?

A

Respond to both external and internal changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the two temperature control centres in the hypothalamus?

A

Heat loss centre

Heat gain centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When is the heat loss centre activated?

A

When the temperature of the blood flowing through the hypothalamus increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

When is the heat gain centre activated?

A

When the temperature of the blood flowing through the hypothalamus decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What neurons are impulses sent along in the heat loss centre and the heat gain centre?

A

Autonomic motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What response does the heat loss centre trigger?

A

Triggers responses to lower core body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What response does the heat gain centre trigger?

A

Triggers responses to increase core body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What do endotherms use to keep warm?

A

Internal exothermic metabolic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What do endotherms use to cool down?

A

Energy requiring physiological responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How does your body use smooth muscle in arterioles when it is too hot?

A

Smooth muscle in arterioles vasodilate to divert more blood through the capillaries near the skin so heat is lost through radiation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How does your body use sweat when it is too hot?

A

Sympathetic nerves stimulate secretion of sweat from the arteriole and cells of the glandular tube, it goes to the surface of the skin via the sweat duct where evaporation takes heat away from the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How does your body use the thyroid gland when it is too hot?

A

The thyroid gland produces less thyroxine which reduces the metabolic rate so less energy is released by metabolic reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How does your body use smooth muscle in arterioles when it is too cold?

A

Smooth muscle in arterioles vasoconstrict to divert blood away from the capillaries near the skin so less heat is lost from the blood through radiation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How does your body use shivering when it is too cold?

A

Muscles contract more and release heat in respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How does your body use piloerection when it is too cold?

A

Erector pili muscles contract so hairs stand up trapping an insulating layer of air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How does your body use its liver when it is too cold?

A

The liver becomes more active so there are more metabolic reactions that generate heat by respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is Allen’s rule?

A

Endotherms from colder climates usually have shorter limbs than the equivalent animals from warmer climates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is topor?

A

It is the deliberate lowering of the set point so food isn’t needed to meet the demands of thermoregulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Why is brown fat useful for babies and infants?

A

Nonshivering thermogenesis occurs in brown fat, lots of mitochondria generate heat and make the cell brown. Babies don’t have fully formed thermoregulatory system so have to generate heat another way.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is regional heterothermy?

A

Cold climate homeotherms can allow their appendages to cool to reduce heat loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What does counter-current mean and how does it lead to regional heterothermy?

A

Counter-current heat exchange occurs between warm out-flowing blood in a central artery and cold in-flowing blood in surrounding veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the definition of a response?

A

Caused by a stimulus and alters the physiology or behaviour of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Why do cells need to communicate?

A

So that cells can work together in a coordinated manner in multicellular organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What physiological things do ectotherms do to maintain temperature?

A

Increase/decrease breathing movements to cool down/stay warm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are the advantages of being an ectotherm?

A

Don’t need to use energy to maintain temperature
Not as much food required (e.g. snake)
More energy used for growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are the disadvantages of being an ectotherm?

A 
Reliant on weather conditions to be active
Time needed to regulate temperature 
Locations for habitats ate limited
Risk of predation when cold 
Not active in winter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are the advantages of being an endotherm?

A 
Always at optimum body temperature
No time needed to regulate temperature
Less risk of predation when cold 
More habitats available
Not reliant on weather conditions to be active
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What are the disadvantages of being an endotherm?

A

Need to use own energy to regulate temperature
Need to eat lots of food
Not as much energy for growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What are the two fluids cells are surrounded by?

A

Interstitial fluid

Plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is the definition of gland?

A

An organ that synthesises a substance (hormone or enzyme) for release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is the definition of secretion?

A

Production and release of a useful product from cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is the definition of excretion?

A

Getting rid of metabolic waste products that the body makes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is the definition of egestion?

A

Getting rid of a waste product that the body hasn’t made

70
Q

What is the definition of hormone?

A

A chemical which is produced by one part of the body travels in the bloodstream and has and effect on the target organ

71
Q

What are the two types of gland?

A

Exocrine gland

Endocrine gland

72
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands that secrete substances to a surface/cavity via a duct

73
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood

74
Q

What are some examples of substances that exocrine glands secrete?

A

Enzymes
Sweat
Milk

75
Q

What are some characteristics of endocrine glands?

A 
No duct
Rich blood supply
Only interact with specific receptors on target cells
Eg adrenal glands secrete adrenaline
Thyroid glands secrete thyroxine
76
Q

Why do only some cells respond to a hormone?

A

Hormones are specific to receptors on target cells

77
Q

Why can hydrophobic hormones pass out of the cell by simple diffusion?

A

Dissolves through the phospholipids

78
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?

A

ADH

Oxytocine

79
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

Thyroxine

80
Q

What hormones does the thymus gland secrete?

A

Thymosin

81
Q

What hormones does the adrenal gland secrete?

A

Adrenaline

82
Q

What hormones does the pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

83
Q

What hormones does the ovaries secrete?

A

Oestrogen

84
Q

What hormones does the testes secrete?

A

Testosterone

85
Q

What does the hormone thymosin do?

A

Promotes production and maturation of white blood cells

86
Q

What does the hormone adrenaline do?

A

Prepares the body for action (fight or flight)

87
Q

What does the hormone thyroxine do?

A

Controls metabolic rate
Hypothyroxine - too little, gain weight
Hyperthyroxine - too much, lose weight

88
Q

What does the hormone oestrogen do?

A

Prepares the uterus for fertilised egg

Controls ovulation

89
Q

What does the hormone testosterone do?

A

Regulates sperm cell production and secondary sex characteristics

90
Q

What are protein/peptide hormones?

A

Protein based. They are not soluble (hydrophilic) in the membrane, so don’t enter the cell. They need to bind to the cell surface membrane and release a second messenger

91
Q

What is a steroid hormone?

A

Cholesterol based. Can pass through the membrane (hydrophobic) and into the cell. The receptor is in the cytoplasm. Act upon the DNA in the nucleus.

92
Q

Examples of peptide hormones

A

Adrenaline

Insulin

93
Q

Examples of steroid hormones?

A

Oestrogen

Testosterone

94
Q

What does adrenaline act as?

A

First messenger

95
Q

What happens when the adrenaline binds with the glycoprotein receptor on the cell surface membrane?

A

The shape of the receptor is changed which causes it to interact with a G protein

96
Q

What does the G protein do?

A

Splits and part of it combines with an inactive enzyme called adenylyl cyclase

97
Q

What does adenylyl cyclase do?

A

Converts ATP to cyclic AMP

98
Q

What is cyclic AMP?

A

Second messenger

99
Q

What does CAMP activate?

A

A cascade of enzymes. The last enzyme is a kinase

100
Q

What does a kinase do?

A

Adds a phosphate to an enzyme which alters the activity of the enzyme, changing the cells metabolism

101
Q

How does the secretion of adrenaline help the body prepare for action?

A

Increases hydrolysis of glycogen so increased blood glucose level increased rate of respiration so more energy released

102
Q

How can adrenaline have different effects?

A

Binds to different specific complimentary receptors which have different second messengers so activate different enzymes

103
Q

What are some effects of adrenaline?

A

Relaxes smooth muscle of the bronchioles
Increases stroke volume of the heart
Increases heart rate
Cause general vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure
Simulate conversion of glycogen to glucose
Dilate the pupils
Increases mental awareness
Decreases action of the gut
Cause body hair to become erect

104
Q

What are the two parts of adrenal glands?

A

Cortex (outside)

Medulla (inside)

105
Q

What three types of hormones does the cortex of the adrenal gland secrete?

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex hormones

106
Q

What hormone does the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete?

A

Adrenaline

107
Q

What do mineralocorticoids do?

A

Maintain concentration of mineral ions in the blood

108
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Long term maintenance of glucose concentration in the blood

109
Q

What part of the adrenal gland gives long term effects?

A

Cortex

110
Q

What part of the adrenal gland gives short term effects?

A

Medulla

111
Q

When are the hormones of the medulla released?

A

After the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated which occurs when you’re stressed

112
Q

Under what conditions is adrenaline released?

A

Stressful/threatening conditions

113
Q

Why are the effects of adrenaline widespread?

A

Adrenaline receptors are on the cell surface membrane of many cells and tissues

114
Q

What is the release of glucocorticoids triggered by?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

115
Q

When are glucocorticoids released?

A

In response to stress or as a result of low blood glucose concentration

116
Q

What are mineralocorticoids triggered by?

A

Kidneys

117
Q

Where is aldosterone produced?

A

Adrenal cortex

118
Q

What organ does aldosterone target?

A

Distal convoluted tubules of kidney

119
Q

What effect does aldosterone have on the distal convoluted tubules of kidney?

A

Sodium conservation

120
Q

Where is cortisol produced?

A

Adrenal cortex

121
Q

What organ does cortisol target?

A

Liver

122
Q

What effect does cortisol have on the liver?

A

Stimulates gluconeogenesis

123
Q

What are the other names for type one diabetes?

A

Insulin dependent diabetes

Juvenile onset diabetes

124
Q

What are the other names for type two diabetes?

A

Insulin independent diabetes

Late/mature onset diabetes

125
Q

What happens regarding insulin with type one diabetes?

A

The body doesn’t produce insulin

126
Q

What happens regarding insulin with type two diabetes?

A

They produce insulin but glycoprotein receptors on the body cells lose their responsiveness to insulin.
It may be due to an inadequate supply of insulin from the pancreas.

127
Q

Who mainly suffers from type one diabetes?

A

Children

128
Q

Who mainly suffers from type two diabetes?

A

Adults over 40

129
Q

What causes type one diabetes?

A

Normally a result of an autoimmune disease whereby the body’s own immune system attacks its own beta cells.
The cells being attacked are the beta cells that produce insulin.

130
Q

What causes type two diabetes?

A

Obesity/lack of exercise.
Diet high in sugars particularly refined sugars.
Being of Asian or Afro-Caribbean origin.
Family history.

131
Q

How do you treat type one diabetes?

A

Regular injections of insulin, dose must match patient so biosensors monitor blood glucose.
Managing carbohydrate intake.
Exercising carefully.

132
Q

How do you treat type two diabetes?

A

Controlling intake of carbohydrates.
Matching carbohydrate intake with exercise.
May also inject insulin/use drugs that stimulate insulin production.
Drugs can be used to slow down the rate at which the body absorbs glucose from the intestine.

133
Q

What are the future treatments of type one diabetes?

A

Using stem cells to produce insulin.

Gene therapy, gene for insulin is inserted into the diabetic’s cells.

134
Q

What are the future treatments of type two diabetes?

A

Artificial pancreas that secretes insulin/glucagon.
Islet of Langerhans transplants.
Manipulating other cell types to replace beta cells.

135
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Hydrolysis of glycogen

136
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Making glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules

137
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

First step in respiration

138
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Making glycogen from glucose

139
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

Making lipids in order to store excess glucose

140
Q

How does the pancreas act as an endocrine gland?

A

Secretes hormones (insulin/glucagon) directly into the blood

141
Q

How does the pancreas act as an exocrine gland?

A

Cells secrete digestive enzymes into duct that leads to the stomach

142
Q

What cells secrete enzymes in the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells

143
Q

What tissue secretes endocrine hormones in the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

144
Q

What cells are in the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Alpha cells - secrete glucagon

Beta cells - secrete insulin

145
Q

What is the normal level of glucose in the blood?

A

70-110 mg/dL or 4-6.1 mmol/L or 90 mg per 100cm³ of blood

146
Q

What will happen if there’s too little glucose in the blood?

A

Affect the rate of respiration, especially in the brain

147
Q

What will happen if there’s too much glucose in the blood?

A

Water potential of blood decreases drawing water out of tissues.
Decreases blood pressure

148
Q

How do you recognise the Islets of Langerhans in a micrograph?

A

They are patches scattered through the exocrine tissue that are lightly stained

149
Q

What percentage of the pancreas is made up of the Islets of Langerhans?

A

15%

150
Q

What detects an increase in glucose levels?

A

Beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

151
Q

How do beta cells react to an increase in glucose levels?

A

Secretes insulin into the blood, the insulin then travels around the body

152
Q

What cells have receptors for glucose?

A

Skeletal muscle cells
Liver cells
Adipose tissue

153
Q

How does glucose enter the cells?

A

Through carrier proteins

154
Q

How does insulin increase the uptake of glucose?

A

It increases the number of carriers for glucose

155
Q

What happens to the extra glucose entering the cells when there is insulin?

A

Activate enzymes to convert glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis)
Activates enzymes to convert glucose to fat (lipogenesis)
Increase use of glucose used in respiration

156
Q

What time of feedback is used to maintain glucose?

A

Negative feedback

157
Q

What detects a decrease in glucose levels?

A

Alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

158
Q

How do alpha cells react to a decrease in glucose levels?

A

Alpha cells secrete glucagon into blood that then travels around the body

159
Q

What cells have receptors for glucagon?

A

Liver cells

160
Q

What does glucagon do to increase glucose?

A

Activates enzymes that hydrolyse glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis)
Gluconeogenesis
Respiration of non-glucose sources

161
Q

What happens when glucose enters a beta cell?

A

Activates glucokinase so more respiration occurs producing more ATP

162
Q

When more ATP is in the beta cell, what happens?

A

ATP sensitive potassium channels close preventing K+ from leaving making the cell less negative

163
Q

What happens when a beta cell becomes less negative/depolarised?

A

Voltage gated calcium channels open so calcium enters the cell

164
Q

What happens when calcium enters a beta cell?

A

Calcium fuses with vesicles containing insulin, this makes them move to the membrane, fuse with it and release insulin from the cell by exocytosis

165
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

When there’s very low concentration of glucose, for example after exercise

166
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

Very high concentration of glucose

167
Q

What was the problem with using insulin from cows or pigs to treat type one diabetes?

A

Religious reasons
Ethical reasons
Slightly different from human insulin so some immune responses.

168
Q

How do we get insulin to treat type one diabetes?

A

Use genetic engineering so the insulin gene from human DNA is inserted into the DNA of a bacterium. The bacterium is then cultivated.

169
Q

Two advantages of treating type one diabetes using insulin that has been produced by genetically modified bacteria instead of extracted from pigs or cows.

A

Cheaper

No ethical objections

170
Q

Advantage of using stem cells to treat type one diabetes instead of using insulin injections.

A

It is more of a long term solution

Biology module 5 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions