Animal Responses Flashcards
What is a stimulus?
A change in the environment that requires a response
What is an effector?
A muscle/gland that responds to a stimulus
Where are thermoreceptors located?
Hypothalamus and skin (peripheral)
How do thermoreceptors relay information about temperature to the hypothalamus?
Nerve impulses
How does the hypothalamus cause a response in effectors?
Action potential
What are the 2 systems in the nervous system?
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
What are the 2 parts of the central nervous system?
Brain
Spinal cord
What are the 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system?
Autonomic (involuntary responses)
Somatic (voluntary movements)
What are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic - excitatory effect
Parasympathetic - inhibitory effect
What are the effectors in the somatic compared to the autonomic nervous system?
Somatic - Skeletal muscles
Autonomic - Cardiac/smooth muscle/glands
How is the brain involved in the somatic compared to the autonomic nervous system?
Somatic - Always involves the brain cerebral hemispheres
Autonomic - Doesn’t always involve the brain
How much is thought involved in the somatic compared to the autonomic nervous system?
Somatic - Involves conscious thought
Autonomic - Occurs without thought
How is the neural networks different in the somatic compared to the autonomic nervous system?
Somatic - Involves complex neural networks
Autonomic - Simple nerve pathways, involving few neurones
How is the myelin different in the somatic compared to the autonomic nervous system?
Somatic - Most neurones myelinated
Autonomic - Most neurones are non-myelinated
How are the connection different in the somatic compared to the autonomic nervous system?
Somatic - Connections to effectors consist of one neurone
Autonomic - Connections to effectors always consist of at least 2 neurones that connect at a ganglion
How is the region of the CNS different in the sympathetic compared to the parasympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic - Thoracolumbar region (spine)
Parasympathetic - Craniosacral region (brain/bottom of spine)
How is the location of the ganglion different in the sympathetic compared to the parasympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic - Close to spinal cord
Parasympathetic - Close to target organs
How is the length of the post ganglionic fibres different in the sympathetic compared to the parasympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic - Long
Parasympathetic - Short
How is the post ganglionic branching different in the sympathetic compared to the parasympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic - Lots - multiple organs mobilised at once
Parasympathetic - Very little
What neurotransmitter is used in the sympathetic compared to the parasympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic - noradrenaline
Parasympathetic - acetylcholine
What is the function of the cerebrum?
Controls voluntary actions such as, learning, memory, personality, and conscious thought.
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Controls unconscious functions such as posture, balance and non-voluntary movements
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Used in autonomic control eg controlling heart and breathing rate
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Regulatory centre for temperature and water balance