Respiration

Question 1

Redox indicators

Answer 1

Methylene blue:
Blue = oxidised, clear = reduced

Tetrazolium chloride:
Clear = oxidised, pink = reduced

Question 2

ATP

Answer 2

ADP+P →ATP

Hydrolysis of terminal phosphate group releases energy

Question 3

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 3

Cristae
Oxidative Phosphorylation
NAD and FAD e-s passed along chain via redox
3 ATPs
Released energy →ATP
Final H+ acceptor = O. Forms water

Question 4

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 4

No O2 so glycolysis only

Small amount is regenerated via pyruvate →lactic acid or ethanol (yeast)

Question 5

Overall krebs cycle reaction

Answer 5

2acetyl groups + 6NAD+ + 2FAD + 2ADP + 2P

→4CO2 + 6 NADH + 6H+ + 2FADH2 + 2ATP

Question 6

Krebs cycle detail

Answer 6

Acetyl CoA (2C) + oxolacetate (4C) →citrate (6C)

Citrate (6C) - (CO2 & 2H=+3ATPs) →alpha keto-glutarate (5C)

Alpha keto-glutarate - (CO2=+ATP, & 6H=+8ATPs) → oxaloacetate (4C)

Question 7

Glycolysis

Answer 7

Cytoplasm
Glucose →pyruvate via oxidation
2ATP

Question 8

Krebs Cycle

Answer 8

Matrix
Pyruvate →acetyl (2C)+coenzyme A →acetyl CoA. 
\+oxoloacetate (4C) →citrate (6C)
Release CO2, H+, heat, ATP
H+ removed and reduce NAD & FAD

Question 9

Photosynthesis stage 1

Answer 9

Light dependent

PS1 & PS2 (photosyn pigments) pick up light, and e-s get excited state

e-s picked up by e- acceptors and PS2 ones get passed down carriers with gradually lower energy levels

Spare energy →ATP (phosphorylation). e-s picked up by PS1

PS1 e-s + H+ from H₂O →NADPH₂ (non-cyclic phosphorylation)

Question 10

Photosynthesis part 2

Answer 10

Light independent reaction

Fixes CO₂ to produce organic molecules from light dependent reaction