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Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA composition

A

Nucleotides: phosphate group+ deoxyribose sugar + organic base (adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine)

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1
Q

Triplet code

A

3 base codes= 1 AA

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2
Q

RNA

A

Uracil, not thymine
Ribose sugar
1 polynucleotide strand

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3
Q

Semi-conservative replication?

A 
DNA copy method:
DNA unzips dna helicaseで
H bonds break
Each strand=template
dna polymerase で nucleotides join together
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4
Q

Mitosis は？

A

Makes 2 genetically identical copies of cells for growth & repair

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5
Q

Mitosis cell cycle phases?

A

G1 - cell grows, making new proteins and organelles
S - semi-conservative replication
G2 - more organelles made and spindle forms
M - mitosis
C - cytokinesis, cell splits in 2

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6
Q

Interphase?

A

G1 - G2 phases

95+% of cell cycle

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7
Q

mRNA

A

Carries complementary code to ribosomes

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8
Q

tRNA

A

3 unpaired bases to bind with mRNA 1 side and AA binding site the other

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9
Q

Transcription

A

Transfer code from DNA to mRNA

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10
Q

Translation

A

Conversion of mRNA to AA sequence

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11
Q

Allele

A

Alt gene form, always same position on chromosome (locus)

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12
Q

Co-dominance

A

When 2 alleles are equally expressed

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13
Q

Polygenic inheritence

A

Inherited feature i controlled by 2+ genes along different loci

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14
Q

Haploid

A

Single set of chromosomes (23)

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15
Q

Diploid

A

2 chromosome sets

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16
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosome pairs in cell division

Lie side by side, each gene at each locus being the same

17
Q

Genotype

A

All genes in a nuclei

18
Q

Linkage

A

2+ genes on same chromosome

19
Q

Somatic cell

A

Cells not involved in reproduction

20
Q

Autosome

A

All chromosomes save X and Y

21
Q

Meiosis prophase 1 stage

A

Early: each chrom forms 2 chromatids, 2 centrioles start forming spindle
Late: chromatids cross and exchange dna at 3 positions. Aka CHIASMA

22
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Bivalents from homologous chroms lie parallel to each other in the middle

23
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Corresponding bivalents are pulled by spindles towards poles

24
Q

Telophase 1

A

Cell constricts at equator, forming daughter cella

25
Q

Prophase 2

A

Each daughter cell divides again to form 2 more daughter cells

26
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Single bivalents of daughter cells lie across equator

27
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Spindles pull centromere apart, single chromosomes are dragged to poles

28
Q

Telophase 2

A

2 daughter cells produced for each cell from firs split= 4 cells

29
Q

Hardy-Weinberg rules

A 
No immigration/emigration
No mutations
No selection
True random mating
All genotypes equally fertile
30
Q

Mendel’s first law

A

Each character of diploid organism is controlled by allele pair
Only one of these alleles can be represented in a gamete

31
Q

Mendel’s second law

A

Either of a pair of alleles can combine with anoher pair

32
Q

Linkage

A

All genes on a chrom are linked
Genes adjacent to each other tend to be inherited together
When genes are on same chrom crossovers are affected

33
Q

Sex linkage

A

Homologous part = same for both sexes

Non-homologous part = X genes in the area, but no Y genes, therefore X is always expressed

34
Q

Blood

A

Co-dominance based. 2 co-dominant alleles are responsible for blood groups

35
Q

Epistasis

A

2 different gees that affect each other, e.g dominant epistasis, dominant allele inhibits another

36
Q

Chi-squared test

A

X2=sum(d2/x)
d= difference between actual an expected results
x= expected results

37
Q

Monohybrid inheritance punnet square ratio?

A

When 2 individuals vary in 1 characteristic

F1 resembles 1 parent

F2 resemble 1 parent in 3:1 ratio

38
Q

Dihybrid inheritance punnet square

A

4x4 shows F2 generation. Ratio = 9:3:3:1 for large offspring numbers

40
Q

Gametes

A

Have 23 unpaired chromosomes

Biology (8 decks)

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