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Biology Unit 3 > Respiration 3.3 > Flashcards

Respiration 3.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

The oxidation of organic molecules within the cells of organisms with the release of energy.

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2
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic.

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3
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

When a glucose molecules is broken down completely to form carbon dioxide and oxygen.

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4
Q

What are the four stages of aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain

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5
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytosol part of the cytoplasm.

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6
Q

What is the first step of glycolysis?

A

The 6C glucose is phosphorylated by adding two group which have been removed from two molecules of ATP which forms a hexose phosphate (which is very unstable)

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7
Q

What is the second step of glycolysis?

A

The hexose phosphate is split into two molecules of 3C triose phosphate.

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8
Q

What is the last step in glycolysis?

A

Each 3C triose phosphate is converted into a pyruvic acid by dehydrogenation using a dehydrogenase enzyme which removes the hydrogen to add to NAD.

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9
Q

Where does the link reaction take place?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria.

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10
Q

How does the pyruvic acid get from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria?

A

Facilitated diffusion using carrier proteins.

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11
Q

What is the first step in the link reaction?

A

3C pyruvic acid loses a carbon by decarboxylation using a decarboxylase enzyme in the form of CO2 which forms 2C Acetate.

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12
Q

What is the second step in the link reaction?

A

The removal of hydrogens by dehydrogenation using dehydrogenase which reduces NAD into NADH2.

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13
Q

What is the last step in the link reaction?

A

Acetyl then combines with a molecule of co-enzyme A to form acetyl co-enzyme A.

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14
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria.

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15
Q

What is the function of the Krebs cycle?

A

To liberate energy from carbon bonds to provide ATP and reduced NAD and FAD with the release of carbon dioxide.

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16
Q

What is the first step of the Krebs cycle?

A

Each molecule of acetyl co-enzyme A combines with a 4C compound oxaloacetic acid to form a 6C compound- citric acid. The co-enzyme is A is regenerated and returns to the link reaction.

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17
Q

What is the second step of the Krebs cycle?

A

Citric acid then undergoes four dehydrogenation reactions to remove hydrogen and two decarboxylation to remove carbon dioxide. This regenerates oxaloacetate so it can re-enter the Krebs cycle again.

18
Q

What is the last step of the Krebs cycle?

A

These hydrogens are used to reduce 3NAD to 3NADH2 and one to reduce FAD to FADH2. This creates enough energy to synthesis one molecule of ATP by substrate level phosphorylatoion.

19
Q

How many times do Link and Krebs run?

A

Twice.

20
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

The inner membrane of the mitochondria.

21
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation.

22
Q

What is the definition of electron transfer chain?

A

A cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within the mitochondria to form a gradient of protons that creates ATP.

23
Q

What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

A

It is the final electron acceptor.

24
Q

What is the role of reduced NAD and reduced FAD in the electron transport chain?

A

They are a source of electrons and protons.

25
Q

What is the first step in the electrons transport chain?

A

Electrons released from reduced NAD and FAD undergo successive redox reactions.

26
Q

What is the second step in the electron transport chain?

A

The energy released is coupled to maintaining the proton gradient or is released as heat.

27
Q

What is the final step in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor.

28
Q

What is the equation to summarise glycolysis?

A

Glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2Pi -> 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP + heat

29
Q

What is the equation to summarise the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate + NAD + CoA -> Acetyl CoA + reduced NAD + carbon dioxide

30
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

A form of cellular respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen

31
Q

Which form of respiration forms more ATP?

A

Aerobic.

32
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms?

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide.

33
Q

What two molecules can be used as alternative respiratory substrates?

A

Proteins- amino acids
Lipids- glycerol and fatty acids

34
Q

How are lipids used in respiration?

A

They are hydrolysed:
Glycerol converts to a 3C sugar and enters glycolysis
Fatty acids are broken down into 2C acetate fragments and enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl co-enzyme A.

35
Q

How are proteins used in respiration?

A

Hydrolysed to amino acids which form keto acids and ammonia which enter glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

36
Q

How is the proximal convoluted tubule adapted for selective reabsorption?

A

Microvilli providing a large surface area for absorption.
Lots of mitochondria to provide ATP for active transport.

37
Q

Why do organisms need to respire?

A

Produces chemical energy in ATP for a variety of processes include active transport, metabolic reactions and muscle contraction and releases heat energy for thermoregulation.

38
Q

How does chemiosmosis produce ATP during aerobic respiration?

A

Protons flow down their concentration gradient from the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix via ATP synthase which phosphorylates ADP to form ATP as protons flow through it.

39
Q

How many ATP are produces per oxidised NAD in aerobic respiration?

A

3 ATP.

40
Q

How many ATP are produces per oxidised FAD in aerobic respiration?

A

2 ATP.

41
Q

What is the product of anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Lactic acid.

42
Q

Compare the yield of ATP in aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

A

Aerobic- 30 to 32 ATP
Anaerobic- 2 ATP

Biology Unit 3 (8 decks)

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