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Biology Unit 3 > Photosynthesis 3.2 > Flashcards

Photosynthesis 3.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2+ 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

What is the definition of photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants are able to use light energy to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.

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3
Q

Why do plants get rid of their leaves in the winter?

A

As the leaves aren’t receiving much sunlight so they would take the plants nutrition.

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4
Q

What characteristic of the leaf allows it to absorb as much sunlight as possible?

A

Thin and large surface area allows sunlight to penetrate the leaf as much as possible.

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5
Q

What characteristic allows the leaf to diffuse carbon dioxide?

A

Stomatal pores, air spaces in spongy mesophyll and spaces between the palisade cells.

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6
Q

What is needed for the light dependent stage of photosynthesis to occur?

A

Light energy my be harvested by the plant.

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7
Q

Where are chlorophylls and carotenoids found?

A

The thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.

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8
Q

What are groups of chlorophylls and carotenoids called?

A

An antenna complex.

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9
Q

What is a photon?

A

A quantum of light energy.

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10
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light dependent and light independent.

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11
Q

What is the light dependent stage?

A

The stage that requires light.

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12
Q

What is the light independent stage?

A

The stage that is able to take place in the dark.

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13
Q

Where does the light stage take place?

A

The internal membranes of the chloroplasts-thylakoids.

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14
Q

What are the functions of the light stage?

A

Production of reduced NADP using hydrogen obtained by splitting water.
Synthesis of ATP.

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15
Q

What is the first reaction of the light dependent stage?

A

Splitting water molecules by light (photolysis), to produce hydrogen ions and electrons. Oxygen is produced as a waste product.

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16
Q

What is the second reaction of the light dependent stage?

A

Synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi. This type of phosphorylation is known as photophosphorylation as light energy is involved.

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17
Q

What is the third reaction of the light dependent stage?

A

The combination of hydrogen ions and electrons with NADP to produce NADPH2.

18
Q

What are the two ways phosphorylation can occur?

A

Non-cyclic processes – both ATP and NADPH2 are made.
Cyclic processes – only ATP is made.

18
Q

Why is light harvested?

A

To energy levels of the electrons.

19
Q

What is non-cyclic phosphorylation?

A

The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP using the energy from sunlight called photophosphorylation.

20
Q

Where does non-cyclic phosphorylation take place?

A

In both photosystems I and II.

21
Q

Where does cyclic phosphorylation take place?

A

In photosystem I.

22
Q

How many ATP molecules are formed in non-cyclic phosphorylation?

A

1

23
Q

How many NADPH2 molecules are formed in non-cyclic phosphorylation?

A

2

24
Q

What is the Calvin cycle?

A

A metabolic pathway.

25
Q

What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle?

A

To convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates- glucose, fructose…

26
Q

Describe the structure of a chloroplast.

A

Double membrane, grana connected by intergranal lamellae and stroma.

27
Q

Where are chloroplasts located in an angiosperm leaf?

A

Mesophyll layers.

28
Q

What is a photosynthetic pigment?

A

A molecule present in chloroplasts that absorbs certain wavelengths.

29
Q

Examples of photosynthetic pigments:

A

Chlorophyll a and b, beta carotene and xanthophyll’s.

30
Q

What is an absorption spectra?

A

A graph showing the wavelengths of light absorbed by a pigment.

31
Q

What is an action spectra?

A

A graph of the rate of photosynthesis against each wavelength of light absorbed by a pigment.

32
Q

What is an action spectra?

A

A graph of the rate of photosynthesis against each wavelength of light absorbed by a pigment.

33
Q

What is photolysis?

A

The splitting of a molecule of water in the presence of light that occurs during the light dependent stage of photosynthesis. This produces protons, electrons and oxygen:
H2O–>2H+ + 2e- + 1/2O2

34
Q

What happens to the products of photolysis?

A

Hydrogen is used in proton pumping and to reduce NADP, e- replaces electrons lost from chlorophyll a in photosystem II and oxygen is a by-products which is used for respiration or diffuses out of the leaf as waste gas.

35
Q

How does the electron transfer chain result in the production of reduced NADP?

A

NADP acts as a final electron acceptor and is subsequently reduced.

36
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

A variable that limits the rate of a particular reaction.

37
Q

Factors that limit the rate of photosynthesis.

A

Light intensity- light dependent stage
Light wavelength- absorption by chlorophyll
CO2 levels- light-independent stage
Temperature- enzyme-controlled reactions
pH- enzyme-controlled reactions.

38
Q

What does nitrogen deficiency in plants cause?

A

Stunted growth and chlorosis (yellowing of the leaves)

39
Q

Describe the role of magnesium in plant metabolism.

A

Synthesis of chlorophyll.

40
Q

What does magnesium deficiency in plants cause?

A

Chlorosis.

Biology Unit 3 (8 decks)

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