Respiration Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary function of respiration?
A
Ventilation in the lungs
2
Q
What is the last function of respiration?
A
Last function is phonation in the lungs
3
Q
Describe Vertebre?
A
- Spine has 24 vertebrae
- Cervical (neck) has 7
- Thoracic (chest) has 12
- Lumbar (lower mid-back) has 5
4
Q
Describe the Sacrum?
A
- located below the Lumbar (it is spade shaped)
- Sacrum 5 fused vertebraeinto a single plate
5
Q
Describe the Coccyx?
A
- is below the Sacrum
- Coccyx little tails bones fused 3-5
6
Q
Describe the Ilium?
A
- largest area of the hip bone
- forms a superior region of the coxal
- consists of 2 large plates, that help to support the internal organs and provide attachment for muscles of the back, sides and buttocks,
- the hip joint of the femur is part of the ilium
7
Q
Describe the Ischium?
A
- it attaches to the gluteal loin
- the bone that we sit on
- it consists of 2 broad curves
- lies below the Ilium
- It is attached to the pubis in the front and the illiim in the back
- it functions as a place the
8
Q
Describe the Pubis Bone?
A
- It is located at the ventral and anterior side (front most portion of the coxae bone)
- It attaches to the illiim and on the sides of the ischium on the bottom
- provides structural support as well as allowing for muscles to attach to the inner thigh
- it is covered by a layer of fat (that is covered my mons pubis) which protects the pubic bone
- the left and right hip bone join at the pubic symphysis
9
Q
Define the Pelvis
A
With the hip bones on the sides, the pubis in the front and the sacrum and coccyx behind, the entire basket-shaped structure is called the pelvis. The lower limbs are attached to the pelvis. Form the pelvic girdle.
10
Q
Describe the Lungs and their purpose
A
The Lungs:Passive, elastic, thin walled and porous. PURPOSE—oxygen filters through it into the blood stream and is carried throughout the body.
11
Q
Describe the Trachea
A
Trachea:
- Is an elastic cartilaginous tube about 5 inches long and the width of a forefinger.
- It descends directly below larynx, dividing into the 2 bronchi which branch out into the lung tissue.
- It is in front of the Esophagus.
- Each of the 20 horseshoe-shaped cartilages reinforces the elastic tissue of the trachea’s walls, forming 2/3s of a ring.
- The back 1/3 of the ring is composed of muscle fibers, permitting expansion during respiration and a certain amount of stretching when one’s head is tipped back.
12
Q
Describe the Bronchi
A
Bronchi:
- Divide (bifurcates) into increasingly smaller tubes, the smallest of these opening into tiny air sacs with spongy, porous walls.
- Scientists estimate that there are more than 600 million such sacs in the lungs.
- The air sacs form clusters, the largest of which are called lobes.
- 2 lobes make up the left lung, 3 make up the right lung.
13
Q
Describe the Pleura
A
Pleura: A delicate membranous sac encloses the right and left sides of the lungs and makes the air pressure within the lungs particularly responsive to forces exerted by the chest cage and the diaphragm. A watery fluid produced by the pleura causes a negative pressure which bonds the lungs to the walls of the thorax. The Diaphragm attaches to pleura and not to lungs itself.
- **Is a balloon within a balloon.
- Fluid in between, allows movement between 2 balloons.
- The Pleura is receptive to changes in pressure on the outside of the body.
- Creates its own atmosphere inside.
- When the Glottis opens, the area is sensitive to outside pressure. That’s what makes us breath.
14
Q
What are the two types of Pleura?
A
- Viceral pleura(pulmonary pleura): Inside balloon (attached to the lung) (+Think-”action”)
- Parietal pleura(costal pleura): Outside balloon (attached to the ribs/chest wall)
15
Q
Define and describe Tidal Volume
A
Tidal volume (TV) - Is the amount of air breathed in and out.
- 660ml Males (0.66L) and 590ml Females (0.59L)
- At rest the TV is 10% of TLC
- Tidal volume can be up to 50% of TLC during aerobic activity.
16
Q
Define and describe TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY (TLC)
A
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY (TLC) - Is all of the air in the lungs.
- 6600ml Males (6.6L) and 4600ml Females (4.6L)
- 2 liters between men and women.
17
Q
Define and describe Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
A
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) - Is the extra air that you can breath in after you have inhaled.
- 3,100 ml Males (3.1L) and 1,900ml Females (1.9L)
18
Q
Define and describe Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
A
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) - Amount of air that you can force out after exhalation
- 1400ml M (1.4L) - 950ml FM (0.95L)
19
Q
Define and describe Vital Capacity (VC)
A
Vital Capacity (VC) : All of the air that can be forced out of the lungs after a maximum inhale.
- TLC minus residual volume (RV)
- Forced vital capacity (FVC) to dr. gill is the same as VC
20
Q
Define and describe Residual volume (RV)
A
Residual volume (RV) - 2100 ml M (2.1L) - 1500ml FM (1.5L) The air that you cannot get out of your lungs unless you have 2 collapsed or punctured lungs.
21
Q
Describe Resting Expiratory Level (REL)
A
Resting Expiratory Level (REL)
- REL is the mid point of Tidal Volume
- can be experienced if you take in a deep breath, then sigh it out, after the sigh you are at REL.
- can be used for people with no adduction in rehab
- Below REL singing or speaking is not an efficient way to phonate.
- Students will usually be below REL when learning a piece.
22
Q
Define and Describe the Thoracic Cavity
A
Thoracic Cavity - From the neck to the diaphragm
- There are 12 paired ribs (24 total)
The top 7 ribs attach to the sternum via costal cartilages. (7th is the last one that has a direct connection.) - False ribs: Ribs 8 through 10 - (because the cartilages don’t reach the sternum, they are attached to the other ribs via costal cartilages)
- Floating ribs: 11 & 12 - (they have no anterior attachment, only attached posteriorly to the spinal column)
- Ribs get larger toward 7 and then smaller again from 8 through 12.
- Most Flexibility in the smaller ribs 8 - 12.
- If they were attached to the sternum via bone then they would not have the same flexibility!
23
Q
Describe the Positioning and Attachments of the Diaphragm
A
Diaphragm - Positioning
- at the bottom of the rib cage
- double dome muscle (not flat), that goes up into the rib cage
- when you breath it never leaves the rib cage.
- Central Tendon - where the fibers come together
- Fibres are attached to the Sternal Fibres, Costal Fibres and Vertebral Fibres.
Sternal fiber’s are the shortest
Longest fibers are Vertebral (costal are in between). - Xyfoid Process - Cartilage can breath off (you can die if it breaks). There are attachments from abdomen muscles to there.
24
Q
Give 12 Facts about the Diaphragm
A
- Involuntary Muscle
- Second largest muscle in the body (after the glutes)
- Double Domed Shaped
- Primary muscle of inspiration
- Separates the Thorax from Abdomen
- It flattens when contracted on inhalation
- Can rest as high as the 5th rib.
- Can lower 1.5cm at rest
- Can lower up to 6 - 7 cm during heightened activity (Singing!)
- Esophagus, vena cava (vein) , aorta (artery) run through the diaphragm.
- is attached to Ribs - sternum - spine (vertebrae)
- Epigastrum has to move be released and the viscera displaced, in order for the diaphragm to experience its full downward excursion.
25
What are the 3 ways in which the Thorax can expand?
1. Antero - Posterior expansion: Via the sternum moving up and forward we get
2. Vertical expansion: Diaphragm moves down allowing
3. Transverse expansion: Ribs move up and out and give a singer
26
In addition to the Diaphragm what are the other primary breathing muscles
Breathing Muscles
Thorax
- External intercostals are used for inspiration. Up and out movement
- Internal intercostals are used for exhalation. Down and in movement
- Agonist - Antagonist
Abdomen
1. Rectus abdominus - Fibers run up and in direction
2. External oblix - Fibers run down and in direction of the fibres
3. Internal oblix - Fibers run up and in (thickest)
4. Transverse Abdominus - Fibers run around (thinnest)
* All muscle fibres come into the sheath
27
Define and list the Auxiliary respiratory muscles
Auxiliary respiratory muscles - Mostly used for Postural reasons, not really used for breathing for singing.
- Pectoralis Major - helps raise the sternum
- Pectoris Minor - underneath the major. used in reaching with the arm. Can be used for expansion of the upper rib cage.
- Serratus Anterior - moves the scapula
- Trapezius - Fan shape like a diamond - on the back
- latisimus dorsi - extends and moves the arm.
- Transversus Thoracis - by the sternum
28
Describe the 4 Phases of Breathing
1. Inspiration:
- abdominal muscles and internal intercostals release.
- external intercostals contract & diaphragm contracts.
2. Expiration - has 3 phases
1st phase of Expiration - The rib cage and the lung tissue has been pulled away from their equilibrium (by the external intercostals), and they (the rib cage/lung tissue) want to return to their place of equilibrium. The pressure from the elastic recoil is sufficient to start the airflow. With a deep breath, the pressure from the recoil will be greater than desired, and the air pressure needs to be restrained somewhat by continued contraction of the diaphragm and/or activation of external intercostals.
2nd phase of Expiration - Begins with the exhaustion of elastic recoil, Continues until no more elastic recoil - internal intercostals activate and shrink the rib cage.
3rd phase of Expiration - the abdominal muscles kick in.
29
What is the Appoggio?
The Appoggio is a technique is - maintain the posture of inspiration as you begin expiration. So singing on the gesture of inhalation. This is used to avoid the over pressurization of the thoracic cavity, or too much sub-glottic pressure.
30
What is meant by the lean?
The term to lean against, has cause much confusion in the voice pedagogy world. You are leaning against the natural collapse of the rib cage. People have taken the lean to mean pushing, which induces too much glottal resistance, which up's the friction, which causes damage to the vocal fold tissue.
31
What is Boyles Law?
Boyle's Law - "In a soft walled enclosure, at a constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely related."
32
Describe Boyles law as it pertains to breathing.
Inspiration: Increasing the volume of air in the thorax and decreasing the pressure within the thoracic cavity, relative to atmospheric pressure.
Unless there is something to seal off the cavity (e.g. the vocal folds), the pressure and volume will always be inversely related.
put another way - if you inhale a deep breath and then close the vocal folds you will have an increased volume of air and increased (subglottic) pressure.
Expiration: Internal intercostals contract, shrinking the thoracic cavity, decreasing the volume, which increases the pressure in the thorax, to the point that it is greater than atmospheric pressure. The air then has to flow out so that it can equalize the pressures.
Driving pressure - causes a flow - Resistance. The degree to which the resistance is present, will determine how much driving force you can have.
Someone who can't take in enough air in should do a resistance breath - finger on the lips, suck the air in noisily and for as long as possible. Helps a person gain awareness of what needs to expand in the body.
33
Describe the two main schools for teaching breathing
Two main schools of teaching
1. supporting the breath by compressing the abdomen during phonation (i.e., on the exhalation) or
2. relaxing the abdominal muscles as much as possible during inhalation and phonation, allowing the diaphragm to work on the inhalation, and riding its relaxation on the outgoing breath (i.e. during phonation).
34
What is PTP?
PTP - Phonation Threshold Pressure - amount of driving force (air) needed to make the vocal folds make sound.
35
What is CTP?
CTP - Collision Threshold Pressure - amount of energy needed to make the vocal folds make contact.
36
What are the consequences of "pushing" during phonation?
When we push, we:
- Over adduct the vocal folds: causes potential tissue damage and fatigues both the intrinsic and extrinsic musculature. Suppresses natural modes of vibration, diminishing their effectiveness as an acoustic power source.
- Cause constrictive tensions that can diminish the efficacy of good resonances.
37
Why is there often disagreement about the term support?
While singing teachers may agree on a resultant sound that is "supported", it is more difficult to find agreement on the way that sound should be achieved. The act of "supporting" is the main point of contention.
38
What connotation does that word Support often carry?
Support has a connotation that something is being lifted from below by a supporting force. (Brodnitz, 1967)
*This often elicits too much muscular effort in the singing process.
39
What definition of Support does Dr. Gill Suggest?
Support = providing the best pressure/flow/resistance combination to keep the Vocal Folds vibrating easily and evenly.
40
What would be a better substitute for the term Support?
Perhaps a better way to say "Support" would be BREATH ENERGY.
41
What are the consequences of holding back the air?
If singers struggle to conserve air by holding it in, they will not only induce an amazing amount of muscular tension, but actually will lose more air than if the attempt had never been made. Holding back the air is rather like trying to drive the a car with the emergency break on.
42
What should we not do to "Support"? And Why?
Support does not equal lifting a piano - over adducts the vocal folds!
Lifting a piano gets a gross result (over adduction), when what we need to do is fine tune muscle coordination, flow/pressure ratio's, resonance. These things take time.
43
What is the summary of Sundbergs study on breathing strategies?
Sundberg study - found that contribution to lung volume changes from the rib cages and abdominal wall varied across singers - there is more than one effective breathing strategy. Professional classical singing does not require one uniform breathing method.
44
What is Tracheal pull?
The diaphragm is attached to the lung tissue, which is attached to the bronchi, which attaches to the trachea. When the Diaphragm descends during inhalation it pulls the trachea in a downward direction, hence tracheal pull.
45
What is the Xyfoid process?
Xyfoid process - bony prominence at the end of the sternum.
