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Mid Term > Larynx > Flashcards

Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

List the Four Main Cartilages of the Larynx

A
  1. Cricoid
  2. Thyroid
  3. Arytenoids
  4. Epiglottis
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2
Q

Describe the Cricoid Cartilage

A

Cricoid Cartilage

  • Shaped like a signet ring
  • Sits on top of the trachea
  • Resting spot for Arytenoid Cartilages.
  • Located below the Thyroid Cartilage
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3
Q

Describe the Thyroid Cartilage

A

Thyroid - Two plates fused together/shaped like a shield
Inferior Cornu - joined flexibly to the Cricoid
Superior Cornu - loosely jointed with Hyoid Bone
Adams Apple or Thyroid Notch - is located at the Apex (of the Thyroid Cartilage)

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4
Q

Describe the Arytenoid Cartilages

A

Arytenoids

  • Two triangular pyramids resting on the upper edge on the back of Cricoid.
  • Glide medially and laterally, rotate, glide anteriorly and posteriorly.
  • Vocal process attaches to the vocal ligament in the front and Muscular Process is in the back
  • there are two Corniculate Cartilages at top of structure
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5
Q

Describe the Epiglottis

A

Epiglottis

  • very elastic cartilaginous material
  • Shaped like a leaf or tongue of a shoe.
  • Attaches just above the vocal folds at the anterior of the Thyroid Cartilage.
  • pulled down during swallowing by Aryeppiglottic folds and back of tongue. (covers the trachea, so that food will go into the esophagus.)
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6
Q

Describe the Hyoid Bone

A

Hyoid Bone

  • is horse shoe shaped with the opening at the back.
  • it is the only free floating bone in the body.
  • It is kept in position by muscle and ligaments.
  • It is positioned above the Thyroid Cartilage, it is loosely jointed to the superior Cornu of the Thyroid Cartilage.
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7
Q

Define Intrinsic Musculature

A

Intrinsic Musculature - Interconnects cartilages of the larynx

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8
Q

Define Extrinsic Musculature

A

connects larynx to other surrounding structures, (e.g. sternum, hyoid bone, mastoid process.)

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9
Q

Describe the Thyroarytenoid Muscle in detail

A

Thyroarytenoid muscle

  • attachment below thyroid notch. Attachment is called Anterior Commissure.
  • The Thyroarytenoid Muscle divides into Two parts (new information*):
  • Vocalis (or thyro vocalis) - Responsible for medial tensing. It is not the main pitch control (but does have something to do with pitch control)
  • Thyro Muscularis - Responsible for quick shortening of the vocal folds.

(Thyroarytenoid is not the vocal folds!)

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10
Q

Describe the Cricothyroid muscle in detail

A

Cricothyroid muscle - originates at anterior arch of Cricoid (Cartilage).

(CT divides into) Two parts:

  • Pars recta - extends to the lower border of Thyroid Lamina
  • Pars oblique - extends to Inferior Cornu of Thyroid.

*Cricothyroid is Main pitch control (Cricothyroid muscle stretches the vocal folds) - elevates Cricoid Arch, depresses Thyroid Lamina

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11
Q

Describe the Lateral Cricoarytenoids in detail

A

Lateral Cricoarytenoids - Primary Adductor (bring the VF together). Closes from the vocal processes to the anterior commissure - (doesn’t close the whole vocal folds, still a posterior gap remaining).

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12
Q

Describe the Posterior Cricoarytenoids in detail

A

Posterior Cricoarytenoids - Primary Abductor (opens the Vocal folds)

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13
Q

Describe the Interarytenoids in detail

A

Interarytenoids - Connect two arytenoids, *aids LCA by closing posterior glottis.
Two directions for the fibers
- transverse fibres (run side to side —-) and
- oblique fibres (run like an X)

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14
Q

Describe the Extrinsic Musculature of the Larynx

A

Extrinsic Musculature

2 main groups

Elevators

Depressors

Acts as suspensory mechanism or elastic scaffolding

Another devision

  • supra - hyoid (above)
  • Infra - hyoid (below)
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15
Q

List and describe 5 Depressors

A

Depressors

Sternothyroid - primary or direct depressor

Sternohyoid - secondary or indirect depressor. *can compress the tissue in between thyroid and hyoid

Omohyoid - depresses and retracts Hyoid, (Runs from the scapula to the Hyoid).

Cricopharyngeus - lower sides of cricoid to junction of Pharynx and Esophagus. *may widen lower pharynx.

Trachea - exerts gravitational pull as diaphragm descends (aka tracheal pull)

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16
Q

What is a false elevator?

A

False elevators - muscles whose use produces excess tongue and pharyngeal tension. (involved in swallowing).

17
Q

List and describe two false elevators

A
  1. Digastric - has two sections (bellies)
    - Anterior: from chin to hyoid - *retracts the mandible
    - Posterior: from Hyoid to Mastoid Process *elevates the hyoid
  2. Stylohyoid - elevates and retracts Hyoid (hence, the Larynx)
18
Q

List and describe Six other Elevators

A
  1. Mylohyoid and 2. Hyoglossus - Hyoid Bone to the Tongue
  2. Geniohyoid - Mental Spine (chin) to Hyoid Bone.
  3. Genioglossus - Mental Spine (chin) to lower surface of tongue and Hyoid.
    - both Genioglossus and Hyoglossus move hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage forward which stretches the vocal folds. *important for higher frequencies.
  4. Stylopharyngeus - styloid process (behind Jaw) to Palatopharyngeaus to Superior Cornu of the Thyroid
    * dilates and elevates pharynx/tilts thyroid forward
    * helps both with glottal closure and maximum vocal fold elongation
    * essential for optimal high voice production
  5. Thyrohyoid - either a depressor or elevator. *elevates larynx or depresses hyoid
19
Q

Describe the scalene muscles?

A

Scalene muscles - cervical spine to first two ribs

*postural and serves respiratory function by helping to elevate upper thorax.

20
Q

Define Innervation?

A

Innervation - connection between brain and body by means of the central nervous system.

21
Q

Describe the Vagus Nerve

A

Vagus Nerve

  • (10th cranial Nerve)
  • longest and most complex of cranial nerves.
  • Leaves the brain and skull through the same opening as Jugular Vein
  • Winds through neck into Thorax and Upper Abdomen.
  • Two branches of Vagus nerve that innervate Larynx
22
Q

List and describe the two branches of the Vagus nerve that innervate Larynx

A
  1. Superior Laryngeal nerve - leaves vagus just above larynx.

Two branches:

Internal - enters through Thyrohyoid membrane *that supplies Laryngeal Mucosa - detects foreign objects/tickle sensation.

External - Motor nerve - descends behind the sternothyroid muscle. *supplies Cricothyroid muscle. (helps with pitch control)

  1. Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve - Motor Nerve. Leaves vagus well below Larynx in Upper Thorax. *Supplies remaining Laryngeal Muscles

Two branches: Left and Right

Left side is significantly longer - Nervous signals arrive first to right side - (only slight delay) *May be linked with Vibrato.

23
Q

List 3 Falsetto Voice Characteristics

A
  1. Small amplitudes
  2. Imperfect glottal closure
  3. Negligible vertical phase differences
24
Q

List 2 Falsetto Voice Consequences

A
  1. Tense vocal ligaments

2. Thin vocal folds

25
Q

List 2 Chest Voice Consequences

A
  1. Slack vocal ligaments

2. Thick vocal folds

26
Q

3 layer scheme of vocal fold soft tissue

A
  1. Mucosa (epithelium & superficial layer)
  2. Ligament (intermediate layer & deep layer)
  3. Muscle (muscle)
27
Q

Thickness of thyroarytenoid muscle (vocals)?

A

7-8mm

28
Q

What are bundles of Muscle Tissue?

A

Muscle fascicles

29
Q

What are the 3 layers of the lamina propria, their thickness and composition?

A
  • Superficial (.5mm), elastin
  • Intermediate, primarily elastin, also some collagen
  • Deep, collagen
  • Intermediate layer + Deep layer = 1-2mm
30
Q

Describe the 5 Layer Scheme of the Vocal Fold Soft Tissue

A

From outside in:

  1. Epithelium
  2. Superficial layer
  3. Intermediate layer
  4. Deep layer
  5. Muscle
31
Q

What does Quadrangular membrane do?

A

Secretes lube for the vocal folds

32
Q

Describe the Epithilium

A
  • .05-.1mm

- Stratified squamous (layered, scale-like)

33
Q

What is Hyaluronic acid?

A
  • Acid present in vocal folds helping protect from impact

- More present in male than female

34
Q

Describe the 2 layer scheme of vocal fold soft tissue

A
  1. Cover: epithelium, superficial layer, intermediate later

2. Body: deep layer, muscle

35
Q

Describe the Ventricular (aka False) vocal folds

A
  • Primary purpose is to assist vocal folds in closing the airway.
  • Difficult to control, not much muscle fiber
  • The Ventricular folds are the upper borders of Ventricles of Morgagni.
  • The Ventricles of Morgagni have glands which secrete mucus (lube) onto the vocal folds.

Mid Term (10 decks)

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