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Mid Term > Resonance > Flashcards

Resonance Flashcards

1
Q

What is the unique feature of the vocal apparatus?

A

The unique feature of the vocal apparatus is that the size and shape of the resonant system is under the conscious control of the speaker or singer (C.Culver)

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2
Q

What type of instrument is the voice and what determine the F0?

A

The voice as a wind instrument - as with most vibrators - 3 elements determine F0:

  1. Tension,
  2. Thickness
  3. Length.
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3
Q

Define the Vocal Vibrator -

A

Vocal Vibrator = an air- stream sound generator - periodically releases and closes off air ascending from the lungs.

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4
Q

What type of wind instrument is the voice like? What are the similarities?

A

The voice is similar to a reed instrument:

  • Breath
  • Vibrating Folds (like a double reed)
  • Resonating Cavities.
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5
Q

What are the Two Principal Resonating Cavities

A

Two Principal Resonating Cavities:

  1. Pharynx (Laryngo- , Naso- & Oro- )
  2. Mouth
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6
Q

Describe how the Resonators are tunable?

A

Both are Tunable, i.e. Size and Shape can be Consciously Altered by singer/speaker with adjustments of Tongue, Lips, Soft Palate, and Jaw.
*Adjustments must be practiced until Automatic.

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7
Q

What is the Pharynx?

A

Pharynx: Irregularly Shaped Tube - from Back of Nose to Posterior Surface of the Base of the Cricoid.

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8
Q

Describe the Three Sections of the Pharynx -

A
  1. Nasopharynx - Base of skull to the Soft Palate - Palate can Close Off this Area.
    * Eustachian Tube has Opening into this Area.
  2. Oropharynx - Soft Palate to Top of Epiglottis.
    - Greatest capacity for Altering its shape
    - Tongue Position has Major Effect on this space and its coupling with the Mouth Cavity.
  3. Laryngopharynx - Top of Epigottis to Base of Cricoid.
    - Important with regard to Resonance as Sound Waves pass through this area first.
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9
Q

Describe the effect of Sympathetic Vibration -

A
  • The chest, head, nose and sinuses are not true resonators - Yet, sympathetic vibrations in these areas can be an indicator that the Resonators are Properly Tuned.
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10
Q

What is the Fauces?

A

Fauces is the passage way between oral space and oropharynx

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11
Q

List some of the concepts that relate to TUNING THE RESONATORS -

A

“In some cases the resonators that are hopelessly out of tune may affect intonation: this explains how a singer with good ears but poor technic can sing off key.” (W Vernard)

Garcia Said “The real mouth of the singer ought to be considered the Pharynx.”

Open Throat - Most agree on the concept, but not on how to achieve it.
(Freedom of flow - Dr. Gills view)

Regardless of Methodology, Pharynx should be free of constrictive tensions.

One major cause of pharyngeal constrictions - Disuse of Extrinsic Musculature.

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12
Q

Where does the quality of the vowel have its origin?

A

The quality of the vowel has its origin in the freedom of the space behind and above the tongue and in the freedom of the tongue itself. (W.Shakespear)

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13
Q

What are the Three Articulatory Motions that Shape the Vocal Tract according to Zemlin?

A

Zemlin - Three Articulatory Motions that Shape the Vocal Tract.

  1. Location of Major Constriction along the length of Vocal Tract (where the hump of the tongue is).
  2. Degree of Constriction (space from tongue to roof of mouth and to pharyngeal wall).
  3. Length of Vocal Tract (Influenced by Larynx and Lip Rounding/Spreading).
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14
Q

Describe the Glosso-Palatine - and mention some alternate names for it.

A

Glosso Palatine - Anterior Pillar of the Fauces.

  • Alternate Terms:
  • Palato Glossal Arch
  • or Palato Glossus.
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15
Q

Describe the Pharyngo-palatine

A

Pharyngo-palatine - Posterior pillar of the Fauces.

*Also known as the Pharyngo-Palatine Arch.

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16
Q

Describe the Levator Palatine

A

Levator Palatine - forms the bulk of the soft palate. Lifts the soft palate upward and backward and is important to Velo-Pharyngeal Closure.
*Located in front of Tensor Palatine

17
Q

Describe the Tensor Palatine

A

Tensor Palatine - Contracts laterally and flattens, tenses, and slightly lowers the soft palate.

18
Q

What is Velo-Pharyngeal Opening

A

Velo-Pharyngeal Opening? - Opening - has to do with the contact of soft palate and pharyngeal wall.

19
Q

List what 3 well know pedagogues said on the subject of VPO

A
  • Vennard says keep it closed (except in the top range… add a little twang… helps with Singers Formant Cluster.)

Coffin found Caruso kept it closed (but thought it was open) and Amato had some VPO except on {a}

Zemlin called the Fauces “The port through which the oral cavity communicates with the pharyngeal and nasal cavities.”

20
Q

What were the conclusions of the studies on VPO?

A

CONCLUSIONS: some trained singers experience regular VPO during classical singing. Vowel height seems to influence this effect.

21
Q

According to B.Doschers what are Mouth and jaw opening primarily dependent upon?

A

Barbera’s Summary - Mouth and jaw opening are primarily dependent upon the frequency of the sung tone and the vowel used. Larger than necessary diameters not only are superfluous but are detrimental. Adaptable, resilient mouth and jaw openings are functionally more efficient than fixed measurements.

22
Q

What some important things to consider about the lips in singing?

A

Lennard Says - “exposure of the edges of the four upper teeth is “about right to give animation to preserve whatever good high partials have been generated in the tone.”

Raising cheeks - seems to have an effect upon the resonating space - helps obtain maximum stretch of soft palate without over-taxing the palatine arches.

23
Q

Summarize some key ideas about the articulators and their relationship with resonance -

A
  • No one perfect position of tongue, soft palate, lips or jaw.
  • These articulators must shape the vocal tract to make it acoustically sensitive to the sound waves being produced by vocal folds to be more efficient.
  • Adjustments should’t be effortful.
  • Interdependence of articulators of the resonance tract and the phonatory and breathing mechanisms is key to attaining maximum efficiency.
24
Q

Quote on inter-dependancy of the singing mechanism -

A

An inspection of the anatomical configuration of the vocal tract organs reveals that all the structures are networked by muscles and ligaments, suggesting that movements of the organs have an inter-dependancy with each other. The tongue articulation, for example, may apply a force to the larynx, modifying its phonatory function.

25
Q

What are some facts about Timbre?

A

Timbre or Tone Quality

Timbre - determined by fundamental and overtones.

Each instrument has characteristic tone quality.

The voice is the most individualistic of all instruments.

26
Q

What is tone color influenced by?

A

Basic color is influenced by:

  • Body Structure
  • Vocal Fold Size and Configuration (significant part is the Mucousa).
  • Supra-glottal Resonance Characteristics.
27
Q

State a fact about the Vibratory Pattern of Vocal Folds

A

Vibratory Pattern of Vocal Folds is Variable

28
Q

What determines the Frequency

A

Number of Cycles per second determines the frequency

29
Q

What does Percentage of Glottal Closure Time Determine?

A

Percentage of Glottal Closure Time Determines Amplitude of Vibration and with it, the character of the sound wave.

*More closure time = stronger higher partials; Less closure time = weaker higher partials.

30
Q

Quote on altering tone color -

A

“A singer can choose to have the cords swing with sufficient amplitude that they can press together during a controllable portion of each oscillatory cycle.. flow consists of momentary puffs of air whose duration can be adjusted more or less independently of their repetition rate. As a result a singer is provided with an adjustable recipe for his internal sound source and therefore with one of his means for altering the tone color of his music.” (A.Benade)

31
Q

What are the two major coloring devices? (B.Docsher diagram) ?

A
  • Amount of contact effects Ringing (more contact) or Veiled (less contact).
  • Resonance Bright or Dark - influenced by length of the vocal tract.
32
Q

Why is it important to understand Voice Acoustics?

A
  1. We don’t have a pre-tuned resonators.
  2. The same resonator shape will not meet the needs of all frequencies that pass through it.
  3. We must consciously adjust the shape of our resonator to meet the needs of our vocalization, e.g. dynamics/intensity, projection, evens of timbre, intentional changes of timbre , tuning, expressivity, efficiency/sustainability. etc.
33
Q

What is Resonance?

A

Resonance is a “Condition that exist between the source of energy and the configuration of the medium such that the energy of some frequencies of vibration will be kept ‘alive’ in the medium while others will quickly die off” (Story 1999.)

*With singing the vocal folds are the source of energy and the medium is the air inside the vocal tract.

34
Q

Define Resonant Voice -

A

Resonant Voice can be defined as “any voice production that is both easy to produce and vibrant in the facial tissues” (verdolini)

*The sympathetic vibrations toward the front of the face are indicative of an effective resonator, whereas the ease of production is indicative of an effective use of the vibrator… which is often dependent on the efficiency of the resonators.

35
Q

What are the two main features of Voce Vista?

A
  • Real time spectrum analysis

- Electroglottograph.

36
Q

List some key features of the Real time spectrum analysis

A
  • Spectrogram
  • Power Spectrum
  • High time-resolution Waveforms.

Spectrogram - Vertically = Frequency , Horizontally = Time, Color = Intensity

Spectrum - Vertically = Intensity, Horizontally = Frequency (Harmonics)

Harmonics - left to right increase in frequency. Evenly spaced markings are harmonics. Inharmonic partials are slightly in between. Sub harmonics are dead in the middle of harmonics. The higher they are the more intensity.

Intensity - dots move with increased dB (10db per dot).

Height of peak in color - greater intensity with red. Correlates with graph on the right. Squiggly line shows vibrato on graph on the left.

Overall sound intensity shown in waveform Envelope.

37
Q

What are the Caveats of using Voca Vista

A
  • Its a tool - use just like a mirror
  • Provides visual confirmation of a successful Resonance Strategy.
  • Cannot replace eyes and ears of a Voice Teacher

Mid Term (10 decks)

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