Respiration Flashcards
Upper respiratory tract includes
Frontal sinus; nasal cavity and pharynx
Lower respiratory track includes
Larynx; Trachea; bronchi; lungs
Conduction portion of the respiratory system define where
no gas exchange; Nose to Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory portion
Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli; where gas exchange occurs
Nose made from 3)
Cartilage; nasal bones and nostrils(opening)
Nasal cavity Tissue
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells
Nasal Cavity contains(6)
1) Vestibule (entrance) 2) olfactory rec(smell) 3) nasal septum 4) 3 concha ( sup; mid ; inf) 5) meatuses 6) paranasal sinuses
Meatuses are formed from
Concha 3 of them sup/mid/inf
3 Parts of Pharynx top to bot
1) nasopharynx 2) Oropharynx 3) Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx Loc/Tis
Upper Pharynx; pseudostratified ciliated columnar (no oral)
Oropharynx Loc/Tis
Middle Pharynx; Non keratinized stratified squamous
Laryngopharynx
Bottom Pharynx; Non keratinized stratified squamous
Why I the pharynx made from mostly Non keratinized squamous tissue
Lots of layer so food cant cause tears
Larynx different tissues (2)
1)Superior: Non keratinized; strat; squam. 2)Inferior: pseudostratified; ciliated; columnar
Parts of the Larynx (4)
Thyroid cartilage 2) Cricoid cartilage 3) Epiglottis 4) Arytenoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage loc and marking
Hyaline cartilage; on large front of larynx has Laryngeal prominence
Laryngeal prominence
Adams apple on thyroid cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Hyaline ; ring shaped on larynx(bigger in the back)
Epiglottis
Elastic Cartilage; Prevents food from entering inferior larynx
Arytenoid Cartilage
Above cricoid on back two bumps that attach to vocal cord (can move to change tension)
2 Ligaments of the Larynx
1) Vocal ligaments; inferior; form true vocal cords 2) Vestibular ligaments ; superior; false vocal cords
Vocal cords can close and open aka
Adduct or abduct(open)
Trachea tissue
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar w/goblet cells
Windpipe
Trachea
Trachea parts
Tracheal cartilage (c-shaped) ridges; 2) Anular ligaments (elastic CT) (between each ridge) 3) Trachealis Muscle ( on the back can constrict/dilate) 4) Divides in to L and R 1st branch (primary)
Brachial Tree Division
1) Primary bronchi enter lungs 2 segments 2) 2nd L= 2 R= 3 seg 3) 3rd 8-10 segs
Bronchial Tree is made from 3 tissues
1) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar 2) Smooth muscle 3)cartilage
sympathetic vs Parasympathetic response
1) open of airway(epinephrine) vs closing
Bronchioles
Have smooth muscles; divisions that end in terminal bronchioles
Order of Bronchioles
Terminal -> respiratory Bronchioles -> alveoli(alveolar sacs)
3 Types of Alveoli Cells
1) Type (simple squamous) 2) Types 2 cells(cuboidal) 3) Dust cells (macrophages)
Type 1 cells Tis/fun
In alveoli; Simple squamous; gas diffusion
Type 2 Cells Tis/Fun
In alveoli; Cuboidal; Secrete surfactant( prevents collapse of alveoli
Dust Cells
IN Alveoli and are macrophages
Respiratory membrane (3)
1) Alveolar endothelium 2) Fused basement membranes of the alveolar and capillary endothelium 3) Capillary endothelium
Pleural membrane
1) outer parietal pleura 2) inner visceral pleura 3) pleural cavity w/ serous fluid in-between
Apex on lung
Top point
Left Lung Char
1) 2 Lobes (inf; sup) 2 )Oblique fissure 3) cardiac notch 4) Cardiac impression 5 8-10 bronchopulmonary segments
Right Lung Char
1) 3 Lobes(sup; mid; inf) 2)Horizontal Fissure 3) Oblique Fissure 4) 10 Bronchopulmonary 5) NO cardiac notch or impression
Pulmonary Circulation
Deoxygenated blood from Heart
Bronchial Circulation
Supplies lung tissue w/ oxygenated blood
Inhalation(inspiration)
If Diaphragm contracts; lung expands( pressure in lungs drop below 760 then) 2) air flows into lungs from down pressure gradient
Atmospheric Pressure
~760 mmHg
Exhalation(expiration)
1) Diaphragm relaxes; lung volume is DECREASED ( pressure in Lungs INCREASEs above 760 mmHg) 2) Air flows out of lungs from down pressure gradient
Active muscles of Breathing
Diaphragm and external intercostals
Accessory Muscles of Exhalation
Internal Intercostals and Abdominal muscles ( blowing out birthday candles)
Which is An active process inhalation or exhalation
Inhalation
Neural innervation of Respiration
1) Reparatory center in medulla oblongata 2) Apneustic and pneumotaxic center in Pons 3) Autonomic (sympathetic and Parasympathetic)
Medulla oblongata contains for respiratory?
Respiratory (rhythmicity) center which established RATE and DEPTH of Breathing
When Center are in the Pons what they do?
Apneustic and Pneumotaxic centers; Modify breathing pattern(fine tuning)
Autonomic does not control what
Rate of breathing
Sympathetic Autonomic Respiration controls
Dilates bronchioles(run from a lion)
Parasympathetic Autonomic Respiration controls
Constricts bronchioles(sleeping)
Emphysema
Emphysema gradually damages the air sacs (alveoli) in your lungs; making you progressively more short of breath. (COPD) smoking is leading cause; no cure (use o2 tank)
Chronic bronchitis
Chronic Inflammation and swelling of the lining of the airways; leading to narrowing and obstruction generally resulting in daily cough. -From Smoking
