Respiration

Question 1

Respiration is controlled by transmission of nerve impulses from the ___ to the muscles of respiration

Answer 1

Brain.

Question 2

The respiratory center is a scattered group of neurons in the ____ and ___

Answer 2

Medulla, Pons

Question 3

The inspiratory area transmits impulses by

Answer 3

inspiratory neurons

Question 4

The expiratory area transmitz impulses by

Answer 4

expiratory neurons

Question 5

Rhythmical control of breathing is due to ____ activity of the inspiratory area; each respiratory cycle lasts ___ at rest; inpiration takes___ and expiration takes ___; the normal respiratory rate is ___/minute.

Answer 5

Rhythmical, 5 seconds, 2 seconds, 3 seconds, 12.

Question 6

The cerebral cortex controls

Answer 6

voluntary breathing

Question 7

Carbon dioxide control Requires CO2 chemoreceptors located in the:

Answer 7

1. Carotid sinus
2. Aortic sinus
3. Medulla (chemosensitive areas)

Question 8

Carbon dioxide control Is very sensitive to ___ levels in the plasma

Answer 8

CO2.

Question 9

CO2 receptors are actually __ receptors

Answer 9

H+.

Question 10

H+ cannot cross the ___.

Answer 10

Blood-brain barrier.

Question 11

___ can cross blood-brain barrier; becomes H+ in CSF

Answer 11

CO2.

Question 12

Increased ___ causes increased­ R&D (5 mmHg increase­ in PCO2 causes a 100% increase in respiratory rate)

Answer 12

CO2.

Question 13

Decreased ___ causes decreased R&D

Answer 13

CO2.

Question 14

Oxygen control Requires oxygen chemoreceptors located in the:

Answer 14

1. Carotid sinuses
2. Aortic sinuses
3. O2 receptors are not present in medulla

Question 15

Oxygen control Sensitive to ___ in the plasma (but less sensitive than CO2 receptors are to PCO2)

Answer 15

PO2.

Question 16

O2 control is important when

Answer 16

1. PO2 becomes very low

2. CO2 control mechanism fails

Question 17

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) includes

Answer 17

1. Emphysema
2. Asthma
3. Chronic bronchitis

Question 18

Anemia

Answer 18

decrease in Hb or RBC

Question 19

Lung stretch receptor control, Stimulated when lungs become ____, Transmit impulses via the ___ N, ___ the inspiratory areas, Called the ____ (Hering-Breuer) reflex

Answer 19

Over-inflated, Vagus, Inhibit, Inflation.

Question 20

Lung stretch receptor control _____ & stretch receptors in the joints effect breathing, Sudden pain stops ___ (apnea), At beginning of exercise, skeletal muscle and joint movement stimulate respiratory center to cause an immediate increase in ____.

Answer 20

Pain receptors, Breathing, Ventilation.

Question 21

Lung stretch receptor control Other effects, Increased (decreased) _____ causes iIncreased (decreased) R&D, Irritation of pharynx causes ___.

Answer 21

Body temperature, Apnea.