Mechanics of Breathing

Question 1

The lungs tend to ____(compliance).

Answer 1

Expand.

Question 2

The lungs tend to deflate due to: _____ of the elastic fibers; ____ of fluid (water) in the alveoli; and _____.

Answer 2

Elasticity; Surface Tension; Oulmonary Surfactant.

Question 3

In emphysema, the side walls of the alveoli _____; the inner surface area ____; and compliance ____.

Answer 3

Break down, decreases, increases.

Question 4

Respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) involves increased ____, due to a deficiency of the enzymes needed to manufacture the ___.

Answer 4

Surface tension, Pulmonary Surfactant.

Question 5

The total lung capacity is _____ cc.

Answer 5

5800.

Question 6

The residual volume of 1200 cc is air never ____.

Answer 6

Exhaled.

Question 7

The vital capacity of 4600 cc is air ___ and ____.

Answer 7

Inhaled, Exhaled.

Question 8

The ___ volume 500 cc is air inhaled and exhaled at rest.

Answer 8

Tidal.

Question 9

The ____ volume of 4100 cc is the additional air inhaled or exhaled.

Answer 9

Reserve.

Question 10

Skeletal muscles enable ___ to occur.

Answer 10

Breathing.

Question 11

External intercostal muscles are located between the ___; slope down from the spinal column to ____; innervated by _____ in the intercostal nerve.

Answer 11

Ribs, Sternum, Expiratory neurons.

Question 12

Diaphragm is located between the ___ and ___ cavities; innervated by ____ in the phrenic nerve.

Answer 12

Thoracic, Abdominal, Inspiratory neurons.

Question 13

Inspiratory muscles include the ____ and ____.

Answer 13

External Intercostal Muscles; Diaphragm.

Question 14

Expiratory muscles include the _____ and ____.

Answer 14

Internal Intercostal Muscles, Abdominal Wall Muscles.

Question 15

Internal intercostal muscles are located between the _____; slope up from ___ to sternum; innervated by _____ in the intercostal nerve

Answer 15

Ribs, Spinal Column, Expiratory Neurons.

Question 16

Abdominal walls muscles are located in the _____; innervated by ____ in various nerves to abdomen.

Answer 16

Abdominal wall, Expiratory neurons.

Question 17

The external intercostal muscles contract to raise the ___; _____ the “front to back” dimension of the thoracic cavity; ____ the thoracic (pleural volume); promote ___

Answer 17

Ribs, Increase, Increase, Inspiration.

Question 18

The diaphragm contracts to lower the ____; ____ the “top to bottom” dimension of the thoracic cavity; ___ the thoracic (pleural) volume; promote ____.

Answer 18

Diaphragm, Increase, Increase, Inspiration.

Question 19

The internal intercostal muscles contract to lower the ___; ___ the “from to back” dimension of the thoracic cavity; ___ the thoracic (pleural) volume; promote ____.

Answer 19

Ribs, Decrease, Decrease, Expiration.

Question 20

Abdominal wall muscles contract to compress the ___; raise the ____; ____ the “top to bottom” dimension of the thoracic cavity; ____ the thoracic (pleural) volume; promote ____.

Answer 20

Abdomen, Diaphragm, Decrease, Decrease, Expiration.

Question 21

____ breathing uses intercostal muscles only.

Answer 21

Costal.

Question 22

___ breathing uses diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles only.

Answer 22

Diaphragmatic.

Question 23

____ breathing uses inspiratory muscles only.

Answer 23

Quiet.

Question 24

____ breathing uses inspiratory and expiratory muscles.

Answer 24

Forced.

Question 25

Smooth muscle in the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles contract due to ____, ___, decreased ___; ends of the cartilage in trachea and bronchi are ___; the tubes ___; resistance ___.

Answer 25

Histamine, PNS, CO2, Pulled together, Constrict, Increases.

Question 26

Smooth muscle relax the ____ in the trachea and bronchi “___” aparts or surrounding elastic tissues “___” bronchioles; the tubes ___; resistance ___; due to ___, ___, increased ___.

Answer 26

Cartilage, Springs, Pull, Dilate, Decreases, Epinephrine, SNS, CO2.

Question 27

In Boyle’s law ____ is inversely proportional to ___; if ____ contained in one another.

Answer 27

Pressure, Volume, Volumes.

Question 28

Inspiration and expiration pressures are measured in ____.

Answer 28

mmHg.

Question 29

Inspiration involves changes in _____ frequency.

Answer 29

Nerve impulse.

Question 30

An increase in the impulse frequency in the inspiratory neurons to inspiratory muscles to

Answer 30

1. Contract the external intercostal muscles to raise ribs

2. Contract and lower the diaphragm

Question 31

Decrease impulse frequency in expiratory neurons to ___ expiratory muscles

Answer 31

Relax.

Question 32

Expiration in quiet breathing involves a ____ in the impulse frequency in the expiratory neurons to ___ expiratory muscles

Answer 32

Decrease, Relax.

Question 33

Expiration in forced breathing involves An increase in the impulse frequency in expiratory neurons to expiratory muscles to

Answer 33

1. Contract the internal intercostal muscles to lower ribs

2. Contract the abdominal wall muscles to raise diaphragm

Question 34

Expiration in forced breathing involves A _____ in the impulse frequency in inspiratory neurons to relax inspiratory muscles

Answer 34

Decrease.

Question 35

In inspiration, a decrease in pleural pressure _____ “body” (outside the thorax) to heart (in the thorax) pressure difference _____ blood flow from systemic veins into heart

Answer 35

Increases, Increases.

Question 36

In inspiration, an increase in lung volume ____ resistance to blood flow to lungs _____ blood flow from heart to lungs in pulmonary arteries

Answer 36

Decreases, Increases.

Question 37

In expiration, an increase in pleural pressure _____ heart (in the thorax) to “body” (outside the thorax) pressure difference _____ blood flow from heart into systemic arteries

Answer 37

Increases, Increases.

Question 38

In expiration, a decrease in lung volume ____ pressure of blood in lungs ____ blood flow from lungs to heart in pulmonary veins

Answer 38

Increases, Increases.