respiration 2

Question 1

When does alveolar pressure equal atmospheric pressure?

Answer 1

At the beginning and end of inspiration and expiration

Question 2

T or F: an increase in breathing rate changes pressure and volume in the lungs

Answer 2

False – only changes amount of airflow per minute

Question 3

What is lung compliance? How do you calculate it?

Answer 3

• how easily the lungs can be stretched/inflated
• compliance = volume/pressure

Question 4

What does high vs low compliance mean?

Answer 4

• High: lungs easily inflate (less pressure for given volume increase)
• Low: lungs are stiff (require more pressure to inflate)

Question 5

Examples of conditions that result in high vs low compliance?

Answer 5

• Emphysema: makes lungs inflate easier but deflate with difficulty (high)
• Pulmonary fibrosis: lung tissue becomes scarred/stiff, making it harder to expand during inhalation (low)

Question 6

How does compliance change as we get older? Which lung volume does this impact?

Answer 6

• Older age = less compliance
• Residual volume increases

Question 7

Why does vital capacity and total lung capacity get bigger during teenage years?

Answer 7

Bc it takes about 10 years for residual capacity to buildup

Question 8

Volumes/capacities __crease when a person is lying down.

Answer 8

• Decrease
• Bc abdominal viscera press on diaphragm + gravity

Question 9

When we are at rest (without speaking), the amount of air we inhale and exhale with each breath is around __% of vital capacity.

Answer 9

10 (500mL)

Question 10

Conversational speech: we use about ___% of our vital capacity

Answer 10

20-25 (1L)

Question 11

Loud Speech or Singing: Could range from ___% of our vital capacity

Answer 11

40-50 (2-2.5L)

Question 12

What are the subglottal pressure requirements for speech? (3)

Answer 12

1. Lung volume decreases can rely on passive forces to a certain point after which active muscle effort is required.
2. Constant airflow is necessary.
3. Lung Alveolar (subglottal) pressure needs to be maintained here approx 6 cm H2O.

Question 13

When are passive muscular forces (recoil forces) used?

Answer 13

When lungs are full

Question 14

What is the checking action?

Answer 14

Inspiratory muscles being used during exhalation to slow rate of lung deflation

Question 15

What do the expiratory muscles need to do during loud speech?

Answer 15

Kick in earlier to maintain a Psub of about 20cm H2O (not much checking)

Question 16

Describe muscle activity during breathing vs speaking

Answer 16

• Breathing: diaphragm and external intercostals active
• Speaking: diaphragm and external intercostals active at first, halfway switches to internal intercostals, external obliques, rectus abdominus, and latissimus dorsi (forced expiration muscles)
• All muscles active by end

Question 17

What percentage of inspiration and expiration occur at quiet breathing vs breathing for speech?

Answer 17

• Quiet breathing: 40% insp, 60% exp
• Speech breathing: 10% insp, 90% exp

Question 18

Breath influences your control of… (4)

Answer 18

1. Speech intensity: need 5-10cm H2O pressure difference
2. Stress/emphasis: varies with changes in alveolar pressure
3. Segmentation in units (words, phrases)
4. Breath group

Question 19

What is a pneumothorax?

Answer 19

When air leaks from inside of lung to space bw lung and chest wall, causing lung to collapse and chest wall to expand

Question 20

Hypoventilation vs hyperventilation?

Answer 20

• Hypo: less than 12 breaths per minute, leads to increased CO2, caused by alcohol/drugs/TBI/stroke/altitude/lung disease.
• Hyper: greater than 20 breaths per minute, leads to decreased CO2, caused by pain/exercise/drugs/anxiety/TBI/diabetes/heart attack

Question 21

Does asthma affect speech?

Answer 21

• Yes – shortness of breath
• Phonatory changes
• Fatigue

Question 22

Which body postures are best for speech?

Answer 22

Sitting, standing

Question 23

T or F: blowing and breathing exercises improve speech breathing

Answer 23

FALSE! Different neurological processes