lec 10

Question 1

order these sounds from shortest to longest: vowels, stops, fricatives

Answer 1

stops, fricatives, vowels

Question 1

what type of sounds are elicited when reynold’s number is reached?

Answer 1

fricatives

Question 2

whats stridents vs non-stridents?

Answer 2

• strident: more energy and louder: /z/, /s/, /ʒ/, /ʃ/
• non-strident: less energy, softer: /v/, /f/, /θ/, /ð/, /h/

Question 3

which sound has lower frequency /s/ or /ʃ/

Answer 3

/ʃ/

Question 4

T or F: the smaller the tube the lower the frequency

Answer 4

false – smaller tube = higher frequency

Question 5

what do non-stridents look like on a spectrum relative to stridents?

Answer 5

• non-stridents = small “wave”
• stridents = big “wave”

Question 6

what does a centre of gravity measure do?

Answer 6

• measures spectral weight of point in time
• this value (Hz) is subtracted from what you hear

Question 7

T or F: another term for affricates is consonant cluster

Answer 7

false! have properties of both stops and fricatives

Question 8

T or F: to produce the sound /tʃ/ you need to hit reynold’s number (on tongue)

Answer 8

true

Question 9

is rise time shorter or longer for fricatives than affricates?

Answer 9

• longer for fricatives
• shorter for affricates

Question 10

is every stop-fricative combo an affricate in the phonemic sense?

Answer 10

• no
• key point: fricatives and affricates can be phonetically similar but usually phonemically different

Question 11

what is a side-branch resonator? what does it do?

Answer 11

• the air pocket behind the tongue when you make a nasal sound
• creates resonances that cancel your main resonance (“black hole”)

Question 12

describe nose resonance

Answer 12

it is static

Question 13

how would you calculate side branch resonator value?

Answer 13

c/4L

Question 14

what are anti-formants

Answer 14

the frequencies that get cancelled by the side-branch and are missing in the output

Question 15

T or F: anti-formants change depending on the length of the side-branch

Answer 15

true

Question 16

does side-branch length change depending on place of articulation?

Answer 16

• yes
• longest in labials
• shortest in velars

Question 17

whats a nasal murur? what is its F1 value?

Answer 17

• formant specific to nasal sounds
• F1 = 250–300Hz

Question 18

list order of sounds requiring the greatest to least amount of intraoral breath pressure

Answer 18

• voiceless stops
• voiced stops
• voiceless fricatives
• voiced fricatives
• high vowels
• low vowels
• nasals

Question 19

oral /i/ has higher nasal air emission relative to oral /a/, why don’t we perceive nasality on oral /i/?

Answer 19

• because brain uses relative nasal emission values, not absolute
• “if m = 100% nasality, whatever is below is perceived as non-nasal”

Question 20

how do glides differ from vowels? (2)

Answer 20

• more gradual formant transitions
• shorter duration

Question 21

T or F: glide perception is adjusted for speech rate

Answer 21

true

Question 22

which sounds have the fastest transitions: stops, glides, or vowels

Answer 22

stops

Question 23

whats lateral approximant? alveolar approximant?

Answer 23

• lateral = /l/
• alveolar = /r/

Question 24

which formant in /r/ is distinct?

Answer 24

F3 – it drops

Question 25

which sounds have central grooves?

Answer 25

• fricatives
• /r/

Question 26

which sounds have lateral airflow?

Answer 26

• /l/

Question 27

the central blockage during /l/ production is called…

Answer 27

side-branch resonator

Question 28

whats a rhotacized schwa?

Answer 28

a vowel sound that is modified by a simultaneous /r/ sound

Question 29

what happens to F3 whenever there is rhotacization?

Answer 29

F3 drops

Question 30

what is the pressure in the mouth if the vocal tract is fully open? what about when it is closed?

Answer 30

• open = same as atmospheric
• closed = more than atmospheric