lec 7

Question 1

what is the simple vowel target model? (2)

Answer 1

• theory that each vowel has a canonical form which is invariant across contexts
• vowels are typically characterized by their first 2-3 formants

Question 2

what is F1 and F2 for the vowels /a/ and /i/?

Answer 2

• /a/ F1 = 800, F2 = 1200
• /i/ F1 = 200-300, F2 = 2300

Question 3

is the simple vowel target model accurate? why or why not?

Answer 3

• no!
• because vowel form varies from context to context

Question 4

if everybody’s F1 and F2 are slightly different for /a/ and /i/, how does the brain process this?

Answer 4

• theory: has to do with the ratio between the formants
• that ratio = “acoustic fingerprint”

Question 5

explain how double helmholtz applies to the F1 and F2 of /a/

Answer 5

• comparing to F1 and F2 of schwa (500, 1500).
• F1 for /a/: tongue goes back = reduced volume of back cavity, increasing F1.
• F2 for /a/: tongue being back = increased volume of front cavity, decreasing F2.

Question 6

explain how double helmholtz applies to the F1 and F2 of /i/

Answer 6

• comparing to F1 and F2 of schwa (500, 1500).
• F1 for /i/: tongue goes front = reduced A1, decreasing F1.
• F2 for /i/: tongue goes front = reduced V2, increasing F2.

Question 7

what is the cardinal vowel system?

Answer 7

• organization of vowels in reference to most extreme high/front and low/back tongue positions

Question 8

T or F: lax vowels are longer and tense vowels are shorter.

Answer 8

false – lax vowels are shorter (and are followed by consonants) and tense vowels are longer.

Question 9

T or F: lax vowels do NOT occur in the nucleus of open syllables.

Answer 9

true

Question 10

when working with clients, which should you aim to elicit first: vowels or consonants?

Answer 10

vowels because they provide structure.

Question 11

what is perceptual magnet?

Answer 11

attracting neighbouring elements to sounds because you don’t have an equivalent to the actual sound in your perception

Question 12

what difference do you notice between american vs UK english in terms of vowel plots?

Answer 12

• american english vowel plot is more spread out (less overlap in tongue position)

Question 13

if a parent asked you to show proof that your therapy is effective, would you show them a vowel plot of their child’s progress or IPA transcription? why?

Answer 13

• vowel plot because this is ACOUSTICS (empirical)
• IPA is perception-based

Question 14

what are the problems with simple vowel target model? (3)

Answer 14

1. speaker normalization: biological differences = varying F1, F2, F3 values.
2. target undershoot: running speech = articulatory targets not being met (yet listeners understand).
3. vowel duration: temporal and dynamic variations.

Question 15

what is non-linear scaling?

Answer 15

in relation to speaker normalization, non-linear scaling = brain using stats to neutralize differences

Question 16

what is vowel duration influenced by? (6)

Answer 16

1. lax = short, tense = long.
2. jaw: lower vowels = longer.
3. syllabic stress: stress = longer.
4. speaking rate: faster = shorter duration.
5. voicing of adjacent consonant: voiced = longer.
6. syntactic, semantic, pragmatic factors.

Question 17

if a child engages in final consonant deletion for the word “bat” and you recorded them and found that this was an articulation issue, would their vowel be long or short?

Answer 17

• short (bc /t/ is voiceless).
• if it was long, this would suggest phonological issue.

Question 18

T or F: vowels are static between two consonants

Answer 18

false