Respiration Flashcards
What is aerobic respiration?
An enzyme-controlled process in living things that takes place all the time
Which systems work together to provide cells with glucose and oxygen for respiration?
Digestive system, lungs, and circulation
What do glucose and oxygen react to produce during aerobic respiration?
Carbon dioxide, water, and energy
What are the waste products of aerobic respiration?
Carbon dioxide and water
Why is aerobic respiration described as aerobic?
It uses oxygen from the air
Is aerobic respiration an endothermic or exothermic reaction?
Exothermic
What happens to energy during aerobic respiration?
More energy is transferred when new bonds are formed in the products than is taken in to break the bonds in the reactants
What is the overall equation for aerobic respiration in words?
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (energy transferred to the environment)
What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (energy transferred to the environment)
Where are enzymes made and where do anaerobic respiration reactions occur?
Cytoplasm
What does the nucleus hold that is involved in respiration?
Genetic code for enzymes
What organelle contains the enzymes for aerobic respiration?
Mitochondria
What is the function of the cell membrane in relation to respiration?
Allows gases and water to pass freely into and out of the cell, controls the passage of other molecules
What is the significance of the number of mitochondria in a cell?
It shows how active the cell is
What are the four main energy needs supplied by respiration?
Build up larger molecules, make muscles contract, maintain constant internal body temperature, and move mineral ions in plants
Fill in the blank: Most of the energy from respiration is used for _______.
Synthesis reactions
True or False: Energy from respiration is not used to maintain body temperature.
False
How does energy from respiration help plants?
Moves mineral ions from the soil into root hair cells and converts nutrients into amino acids
What do muscles require to carry out their functions?
Energy from respiration
Muscles are made up of protein fibres that contract when energy is transferred from respiration.
What are muscle fibres rich in to carry out aerobic respiration?
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are essential for transferring the energy needed for muscle contraction.
What carbohydrate do muscles store for energy during exercise?
Glycogen
Glycogen can be converted back to glucose to be used during exercise.
What happens to muscles when exercise begins?
They contract harder and faster, requiring more glucose and oxygen
Increased contraction leads to greater energy demands.
What gas do muscles produce in increased amounts during exercise?
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a waste product that needs to be removed for muscles to function well.
What happens to heart rate during exercise?
It increases
An increased heart rate helps supply more oxygenated blood to exercising muscles.
What is the effect of exercise on arteries supplying blood to muscles?
They dilate (widen)
This increases the flow of oxygenated blood to the exercising muscles.
What happens to breathing rate during exercise?
It increases and becomes deeper
This allows more air to enter the lungs and increases oxygen uptake.
What is the relationship between cellular respiration and exercise?
Cellular respiration increases to supply energy needed for muscle contraction
Increased cellular respiration meets the demands of the muscles.
Fill in the blank: Muscles convert _______ stored in them back to glucose for energy.
Glycogen
This conversion is crucial for supplying fuel during increased cellular respiration.
True or False: Breathing rate decreases during exercise.
False
Breathing rate increases to meet the oxygen demands of the body.
What is the role of red blood cells during exercise?
They carry oxygen to exercising muscles
Increased oxygen transport is vital for aerobic respiration in muscles.
What is removed more quickly from the blood in the lungs during exercise?
Carbon dioxide
Efficient removal of carbon dioxide is necessary for maintaining muscle function.
What happens to muscle cells during hard exercise?
They may become short of oxygen and use anaerobic respiration.
Is anaerobic respiration more or less efficient than aerobic respiration?
Less efficient.
What is the end product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells?
Lactic acid.
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in animal cells?
Glucose → lactic acid (energy transferred to the environment).
What causes muscle fatigue?
Buildup of lactic acid produced by anaerobic respiration.
What is oxygen debt?
The amount of oxygen needed to convert lactic acid back to glucose.
What is the equation for oxygen debt repayment?
Lactic acid + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.
What is produced during anaerobic respiration in plants and some microorganisms?
Ethanol and carbon dioxide.
What is fermentation?
Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells that produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?
Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide (energy transferred to the environment).
True or False: Anaerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen.
False.
Fill in the blank: The breakdown of glucose is _______ during anaerobic respiration.
incomplete.
What happens to muscle fibers after prolonged use?
They become fatigued and stop contracting efficiently.
What is the relationship between lactic acid and oxygen debt?
The larger the amount of lactic acid, the bigger the oxygen debt.
What processes are involved in the removal of lactic acid from the muscles?
Conversion back to glucose in the liver.
What is metabolism?
Sum of all the reactions that take place in a cell or in the body.
What is one use of energy from respiration?
Used to heat the environment.
What are metabolic reactions?
Reactions that include the conversion of substances and energy transformations.
List three common metabolic reactions.
- Conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen, and cellulose
- Formation of lipid molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules
- Use of glucose and nitrate ions to form amino acids
What is urea and how is it formed?
Breakdown of excess proteins in the liver forms urea for excretion.
What is the role of the liver in metabolism?
Detoxifying substances, passing breakdown products into the blood, and breaking down old blood cells.
How does the liver handle lactic acid?
Converts lactic acid back to glucose.
What happens to glucose after it is converted from lactic acid?
It is broken down in aerobic respiration to form carbon dioxide and water.
What is the function of the hepatic vein?
Carries blood from liver to the heart with levels of food adjusted.
What does the hepatic artery do?
Brings oxygenated blood to the liver.
What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
Carries blood containing digested food from the intestines to the liver.
Fill in the blank: The liver detoxifies _______ substances such as ethanol.
[poisonous]
True or False: The liver stores iron until it’s needed to synthesize more blood cells.
True
