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Non-communicable Diseaes Flashcards

1
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that are not infectious and affect people due to their genetic makeup, lifestyle, and environmental factors.

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2
Q

What are some risk factors for non-communicable diseases?

A
  • Genes inherited from parents
  • Age
  • Lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking, lack of exercise, overeating)
  • Environmental substances (e.g., ionising radiation, UV light, second-hand tobacco smoke)
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3
Q

Which lifestyle factors can increase the risk of developing non-communicable diseases?

A
  • Diet
  • Obesity
  • Fitness levels
  • Smoking
  • Drinking alcohol
  • Exposure to carcinogens
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4
Q

What is a causal mechanism?

A

A biological process that shows how one factor influences another.

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5
Q

True or False: A correlation between non-communicable diseases and lifestyle factors proves causation.

A

False

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6
Q

What are some impacts of non-communicable diseases on individuals and society?

A
  • Emotional impact on individuals and families
  • Financial cost
  • Burden on local communities
  • National healthcare expenses
  • Economic loss from reduced workforce
  • Greater effect on human and economic levels compared to communicable diseases
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7
Q

Fill in the blank: Non-communicable diseases are influenced by _______ inherited from parents.

A

genes

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: The factors that can be changed to reduce risk include lifestyle choices such as _______ and _______.

A

smoking, overeating

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9
Q

What is the relationship between correlation and causation in the context of non-communicable diseases?

A

Correlation suggests a link, but does not prove causation.

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10
Q

What economic impact do non-communicable diseases have on the global economy?

A

They can lead to a loss of productivity and economic strain, especially when younger, working-age populations are affected.

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11
Q

What happens when control of the cell cycle is lost?

A

A tumour forms when cells grow in an abnormal, uncontrolled way.

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12
Q

How do tumour cells behave during division?

A

Tumour cells divide rapidly with very little non-dividing time for growth.

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13
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

Benign tumours are contained in one place and do not invade other parts of the body.

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14
Q

What can happen if a benign tumour causes pressure on an organ?

A

It can be life-threatening, e.g., if it is on the brain.

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15
Q

What defines malignant tumours?

A

Malignant tumours can invade other parts of the body and disrupt normal tissues.

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16
Q

What is the term for the spread of cancer cells to other organs?

A

Secondary tumours.

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17
Q

What are some well-known causes of cancer?

A
  • Clear genetic risk factors
  • Mutations from carcinogens
  • Ionizing radiation
  • Virus infections
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18
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

Cancer-causing agents that can trigger the formation of tumours.

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19
Q

Give examples of carcinogens.

A
  • Chemicals like asbestos and tar
  • Ionizing radiation like UV light and X-rays
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20
Q

What is radiotherapy?

A

A treatment that destroys cancer cells by targeted doses of radiation.

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21
Q

What is a potential downside of radiotherapy?

A

It can damage healthy cells.

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22
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

A treatment that uses chemicals to stop cells from dividing or make them ‘self-destruct’.

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23
Q

What is the goal of developing new chemotherapy types?

A

To make them as specific to cancer cells as possible.

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24
Q

True or False: Cancer cells divide more slowly than normal cells.

A

False.

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25
Fill in the blank: Tumour cells create a mass of abnormally growing cells known as a _______.
[tumour]
26
What do cigarettes contain that produces around 4000 chemicals when burnt?
Tobacco leaves ## Footnote 150 of these chemicals are linked to disease.
27
What is the role of nicotine in tobacco smoke?
Nicotine is the addictive but otherwise harmless drug that produces a sensation of calm.
28
What harmful effect does carbon monoxide have when inhaled from tobacco smoke?
It causes fatal damage to body cells and reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
29
After smoking a cigarette, what percentage of blood can carry carbon monoxide instead of oxygen?
Up to 10% ## Footnote This results in a shortage of oxygen.
30
Why are smokers more breathless when they exercise compared to non-smokers?
Due to a shortage of oxygen caused by carbon monoxide in the blood.
31
What complications can arise from smoking during pregnancy?
Premature births, low birthweight babies, and stillbirths.
32
How many babies are born dead each year due to smoking?
700 ## Footnote This statistic highlights the severe risks associated with smoking during pregnancy.
33
What function do cilia in the trachea and bronchi perform?
They move mucus, bacteria, and dirt away from the lungs.
34
What effect does tobacco smoke have on cilia?
It anaesthetises them, stopping their function and allowing pathogens into the lungs.
35
What is tar in tobacco, and what does it do to the lungs?
A sticky, black chemical that accumulates in the lungs and turns them grey.
36
What respiratory condition is associated with the buildup of tar in the lungs?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
37
How does tar affect the risk of lung cancer?
Tar is a carcinogen that increases the risk of lung cancer and other cancers of the breathing system.
38
What cardiovascular problems are smokers more likely to suffer from?
Coronary heart disease, heart attacks, and strokes.
39
What are some mechanisms that show a causal link between smoking and cardiovascular problems?
Smoking narrows blood vessels, increases heart rate, damages artery lining, increases blood pressure, and increases risk of clot formation.
40
What effect does nicotine have on heart rate?
It makes the heart rate increase.
41
True or False: Smoking has no effect on the lining of the arteries.
False ## Footnote Chemicals in tobacco damage the lining of the arteries.
42
Fill in the blank: Tar causes other cancers of the breathing system, e.g. _____, larynx, and trachea.
throat
43
What factors affect the risk of developing various diseases?
Weight and amount of exercise ## Footnote These factors can lead to life-changing or life-threatening diseases.
44
What happens if more food is consumed than needed?
The excess is stored as fat ## Footnote Body fat cushions organs and acts as an energy store.
45
What health problems can obesity lead to?
* Type 2 diabetes * High blood pressure * Heart diseases ## Footnote These conditions can be serious and life-threatening.
46
How does exercise affect muscle and energy needs?
The amount of exercise affects the amount of respiration in the muscles ## Footnote More respiration means more food energy is needed.
47
What are the benefits of regular exercise?
* Bigger muscles * Fitter heart * Bigger lungs * Less likely to develop cardiovascular disease * Less likely to suffer from health problems ## Footnote Regular exercise contributes significantly to overall fitness.
48
What percentage of daily food intake is used for basic bodily reactions?
60 to 75% ## Footnote This is essential to keep you alive.
49
What role does exercise play in maintaining health?
* Increases muscle tissue * Increases metabolic rate * Reduces risk of arthritis, diabetes, and high blood pressure * Lowers blood cholesterol levels ## Footnote These factors contribute to better overall health and reduce disease risk.
50
What is type 2 diabetes?
A condition where the body doesn't make enough insulin or cells stop responding to insulin ## Footnote This leads to issues with blood sugar levels and can result in severe health complications.
51
What are common risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes?
* Being overweight/obese * Lack of exercise * Age * Genetic tendency ## Footnote These factors increase the likelihood of developing the disease.
52
What can most people do to restore normal blood glucose balance?
* Eat a balanced diet * Control carbohydrate intake * Lose weight * Engage in regular exercise ## Footnote These lifestyle changes can help manage type 2 diabetes.
53
True or False: Obesity is becoming more common in young people.
True ## Footnote This trend is concerning and highlights the need for preventative measures.
54
What is the primary effect of alcohol on the nervous system?
Alcohol affects the nervous system making thought processes, reflexes and reactions slower than normal.
55
What can occur when a high dose of alcohol is consumed?
Unconsciousness, coma, and death.
56
What is cirrhosis of the liver?
A disease that destroys liver tissue, replacing active liver cells with scar tissue that cannot carry out vital functions.
57
What increased risk is associated with alcohol consumption?
Increased risk of developing liver cancer.
58
What happens to the brain with heavy alcohol consumption over time?
The brain becomes soft and pulpy, normal brain structures are lost and can no longer function properly.
59
What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?
A condition that may cause facial deformities, problems with teeth, jaw, hearing, kidney, liver and heart problems, and learning and developmental issues in babies.
60
What are the potential effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
Miscarriage, stillbirth, premature births, and low birthweights.
61
What is a carcinogen?
A substance that can lead to cancer.
62
What type of radiation is considered a carcinogen?
Ionising radiation.
63
What does ionising radiation do to DNA?
It penetrates cells and damages chromosomes, causing mutations in the DNA.
64
What are common sources of ionising radiation?
["* Ultraviolet light from the sun", "* Radioactive materials in soil, water, air", "* Medical and dental x-rays", "* Accidents in nuclear power generation"]
65
True or False: It is safe to drink alcohol during pregnancy.
False.
66
Fill in the blank: The developing liver of a fetus cannot cope with _______.
alcohol.
67
What can short bouts of heavy drinking risk?
The same symptoms of liver and brain damage appearing quickly.
68
What is the recommended advice regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
It is advised not to drink at all to avoid fetal alcohol syndrome.

Biology 1 (9 decks)

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