respiration Flashcards
what are the products of aerobic respiration
-co2 water and energy
what are the products of anaerobic respiration in animals
-lactate and energy
what are the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast
-ethanol +2co2+energy
What are the 5 stages of aerobic respiration
1_glycolysis
2) link reaction
3) Krebs cycle
4) oxidative phosphorylation
where does glycolysis occur
the cytoplasm
where does the link reaction occur
-matrix of the mitochondria
where does the Krebs cycle occur
-the matrix of the mitochondria
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur
-cristae (inner folds of the mitochondria )
Describe the steps of glycolysis
1) glucose molecule is split into 2 x triose phosphate as glucose is phosphorylated
2) triose phospahte is oxidised and h atoms are removed
3) this forms energy (atp) through substrate level phosphorylation
4)the h atoms are then accepted by the coenzyme NAD , forming reduced NAD
5)triose phospahte converts into 2 x pyruvate
which process is glycolysis
anaerobic
what is the coenzyme for glycolysis
-NAD
what happened to the 2 x pyruvate produced in glycolysis
its actively transported into the mitochondria for next stages of aerobic respiration
what happens if oxygen isnt available for glycolysis
still occurs but pyruvate remains in cytoplasm and converted into different products
what process is the link reaction
aerobic
Describe the steps of the link reaction
1) pyruvate is oxidised and h atoms and 1 co2 is removed
2) the 2 carbon molecule that remains (acetate) is added to coenzyme a , forming acetyl coenzyme A
3) the 2 hydrogen atoms are accepted by NAD to from reduced NAD
what is the enzyme called in the link reaction
-co enzyme a
describe the Krebs cycle generally
1) acetyl coenzyme a (2c) combines with a 4 carbon molecule that is already in the matrix
2)forming a 6c molecule that enters the Krebs cycle
describe krebs in full
1) coenzyme a is removed
2)and the 2c acetyl coenzyme a molecule combines with 4c molecule that is already in the matrix forming 6c compound
3)c02 is then removed as well as hydrogen and are passed to NAD to form reduced NAD
4)this removal of co2 forms a 5c compound
5) another co2 molecule is removed with a h atom which releases energy to form ATP from adp through substrate level phosphorylation
6) the h atom is accepted by NAD forming reduced NAD and reduced FAD
7) a 4c compound is then produced
how many times does the link and Krebs reaction occur
twice per glucose molecule
what are some respiratory substrates
fatty acids and glycerol
-aminoa acids from which the amino group has been removed
which conditions should there be for oxidative phosphorylation to occur
-aerobic conditions
where is the electron transport chain located for oxidative phosphorylation
-the crustal (inner membrane ) of the mitochondria
what does oxygen act as in oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain )
-the final electron acceptor
describe the steps in oxidative phosphorylation
- Reduced FAD and NAD , from he Krebs cycle , is oxidised and h atoms are released to the first electron carrier
2) each hydrogen atom is split into an electron and proton
3)the electrons pass down the carriers at decreasing energy levels , releasing energy
4) the energy that is used to move these electrons provides energy to actively pump the protons into the inner membrane space . some energy is released as heat
5) this easablishes a p+ gradient and there is a higher concentration of of protons in the inter membrane space than in the matrix
6) meaning protons diffuse back across inner membrane into the matrix via the enzyme ATP synthase
7)the movement of protons through ATP synthase , releases energy
8)this energy is used to form ATP from ADP and PI
9) at the end of the chains , electrons combine with o2 to form water .And oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor .
