Respiration Flashcards
What is the equation for respiration
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
C6H1206 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + 2870kJ
What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration
-glycolysis
-the link reaction
-kerbs cycle
-electron transport chain
If no oxygen is available what will occur
Anaerobic respiration and NAD is regenerated by reduction of pyruvate to either lactic acid or ethanol
How is are mitochondria adapted for respiration
The structure of mitochondria makes them well adapted to their function
They have a large surface area due to the presence of cristae (inner folds) which enables the membrane to hold many electron transport chain proteins and ATP synthase enzymes
More active cell types can have larger mitochondria with longer and more tightly packed cristae to enable the synthesis of more ATP because they have a larger surface area
The number of mitochondria in each cell can vary depending on cell activity
Muscle cells are more active and have more mitochondria per cell than fat cells
Where in the mitochondria does the link reaction take place
Matrix
Where in the mitochondria does krebs take place
Matrix
Where does electron transport take place
On the cristae
Give the similarities of chloroplasts and mitochondria
-both have a double membrane
-large internal membrane structure
-both fluid filled
-both contain DNA and ribosomes
Give the differences between the chloroplasts and the mitochondria
-chloroplasts have grana whereas mito have cristae
-chloroplasts have stroma and mitochondria have matrix
-choloroplasts contain chlorophyll and mito don’t
Give the process of glycolysis
-activation of glucose - glucose is phosphorylated using phosphate from 2 ATP - fructose 1,6-diphosphate is produced - this has a lower Ea
- fructose 1,6-diphosphate molecules splits into 2 TP
-TP is oxidised by 2 NAD which is oxidised to 2 NADH
-TP is also dephosphorylated by removing phosphates and producing ATP
-this then produces pyruvate
Where does glycolysis take place
Cytoplasm of the cell
What is the net yield of glycolysis per glucose is
2 ATP
+2 NADH
2 pyruvate
What is the link reaction
Pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation - oxygen and carbon removed
- electrons and hydrogen from NAD become reduced to NADH
-removal of carbon dioxide coverts the pyruvate into acetate
-the acetate then combines with CoenzymeA to form acetylCoenzymeA
What is the net yield of the link reaction per glucose
2 acetyl CoenzymeA
2 NADH
2 Carbon dioxide
where does the krebs cycle take place
- matrix of the mitochondria