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Biology component 1 > respiration > Flashcards

respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6Co2+ 6H2O

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2
Q

How many ATP doe aerobic respiration theoretically produce

A
  • 38
  • range of 32-38 is accepted
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3
Q

Who performs aerobic respiration

A

obligate aerobes

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4
Q

Give examples of faculatative anaerobes

A

bacteria and yeast

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5
Q

aerobic respiration

A
  • release large amounts of energy as ATP from the breakdown of molecules where oxygen acts as the terminal electron acceptor
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6
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

release of relativley little energy as ATP from the breakdown of molecules in the absence of oxygen by substrate level phosphorylation

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7
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

removal of hydrogen atoms performed by dehydrogenase enzymes

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8
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm

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9
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen

A

no

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10
Q

Describe the steps of glycolysis

A
  • glucose is phosphorylated to produce glucose diphosphate
  • this makes glucose more reaction (by lowering the activation energy of the reaction involved) making it easer to split into triose phosphate
  • 2NADs are reduced to NADH when triose phosphate is dehydrogenated
  • 4 ATP are produced by substrate level phophorylation and pyruvate is produced
  • 2ATP are used to phophorylate glucose the net gain is 2 ATP
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11
Q

What happens after glycolysis if oxygen is available

A
  • pyruvate moves to the link reaction and its products move onto the krebs cycle where more NAD is reduced and some ATP is produced directly
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12
Q

Descarboxylation

A

the removal of carbon dioxide performed by decarboxylase enzymes

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13
Q

Where does the link reaction occur and what does pyruvate have to do

A

mitcochondiral matrix
so pyruvate has to diffuse into the mitochondria

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14
Q

Does the link reaction require oxygen

A

yes

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15
Q

How many times does the link reaction occur per glucose molecule

A
  • twice as there are two molecules of pyruvate
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16
Q

Describe the steps for the link reaction

A
  • pyruvate diffuses into the mitochondrial matrix where it is dehydrogenated and the hydrogen released reduces NAD]pyruvate is decarboxylted producing acetyl
  • coenzyme A (CoA) is added to form acetyl CoA which enters the Krebs cycle
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17
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur

A
  • mitochondirl matric
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18
Q

Does the krebs cycle require oxygen

A

yes

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19
Q

How many times does the krebs cycle occur

A
  • happens twice per glucose molecule (as there are two molecules of acetyl CoA )
20
Q

Describe the steps of the krebs cycle

A
  • acetyl CoA joins a [4C] acid to produce a [6C] acid
  • [6C] acid is decarboxylated releasing 1 molecules of CO2 and dehydrogeated reducing 1 NAD molecule
  • the resulting [5C] acid is decarboxylated releasing 1 molecules of CO2 and dehydrogenated reducing 2 NAD and 1 FAD molecules
  • ATP is produced directly by substrate level phosphorylation
  • the resulting [4C] acid combines with acetyl CoA and the cycle repeats
21
Q

Does the electron transport chain require oxygen

A

yes - terminal electron acceptor

22
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur

A

inner membrane of the mitochondira (cristae)

23
Q

Describe the steps of the electron transport chain

A
  • NADH joins the first proton pump and is dehydrogenated releasing the hydrogen atoms which split into protons and electrons
  • the protons are pumped across the membrane using energy from high energy electrons as the electrons pass to the next proton pump
  • as electrons pass the second proton pump they provide energy to pump a further pair of protons from the matrix to the inter membrane space
  • the electrons pass the third proton pump a further two protons are pumped across creating a proton gradient
  • as the electrons pass to the terminal electron acceptor (oxygen) two protons pass back into the matrix through the stalked particles (ATP synthetase) doesn the proton gradient phosphorylating ADP into ATP
  • proton movement here is referred to as chemiosmosi
  • water is formed from 2H+, 2e- and 1/2O2
  • NADH uses three proton pumps so generates 3 ATP
  • FADH joines the second proton pump so only generates 2 ATP
24
Q

What are the products of glycolysis

A

2ATP
2NADH

25
Q

What are the products of the link reaction

A

2NADH
2CO2

26
Q

What are the products of the krebs cycle

A
  • 2ATP
  • 6NADH
  • 2FADH
  • 4CO2
27
Q

What are the products of the electron transport chain

A

34 ATP
6 H2O

28
Q
A
28
Q
A
29
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur

A
  • occurs in organisms where oxygen is absent
30
Q

What steps occurs in anaerobic respiration

A
  • glycolysis
  • lack of oxygen prevents the link reaction, krebs cycle and the electron transport chain from occurring
31
Q

What is the consequence of oxygen not being present form repsiration

A
  • NADH is not oxidised in the electron transport chain so NAD is not generates
  • as dehydrogenation occurs before production of the final 4 ATPs in glycolysis the lack of NAD would stop ATP production
32
Q

Describe how animals overcome the lack of oxygen

A
  • for a short time they can reuce pyruvate to lactate using hydrogen from NADH regenerating NAD allowing glycolysis to continue
33
Q

describe how plant and yeast overcome the lack of oxygen

A
  • pyruvate is first decarboxylates to ethanal and then reduced to ethanol using hydrogen from NADH
34
Q

Why should anaerobic conditions occur for a short time

A
  • lactate and ethanol build up quickly so can build up and cannot be sustained indefinitley
35
Q

Can lactate be broken down further

A

in animals anaerobic respiration creates an oxygen debt which requires lactate to be oxidised later releasing further energy

36
Q

Can ethanol be broken down further why is this a problem

A

no so it can accumulate to reach toxic concentrations

37
Q

How many ATP can be produced from anaerobic respiration

A

2 ATP

38
Q

Describe the effieciency of respiration

A
  • one mole of glucose contains 2880KJ of energy
  • the energy liverated from the hydrolysis of ATP = 30.6KJ per mol
  • assume theoretical yield of 38 moles of ATP form a mole fo glucose
  • (30.6x38)/28880 x 100 = 40.4%
39
Q

Describe how lipids can be used as an alternative respiratory pathway

A
  • can be respired when carbohydrate supplies are low
  • lipids are hydolysed into glycerol which is phosphorylates and dehydrogenated to form triose phosphate which can enter glycolusis
  • fatty acids are split into two carbon molecules that enter the krebs as acetly CoA
40
Q

why are more CO2 and water made when fatty acids are respired

A
  • lager numbers of carbon and hydrogen atoms
41
Q

Describe how proteins can be used as a respiratory patheways and when

A
  • metabolised when fats and carbohydrates are unavailable or when diet contains a high proportion of protein
  • the excess amino acids are deaminated in the lived
  • the amine group NH2 is converted to urea in the liver
  • and the urea is excreted bia the kidneys as urine
  • the carboxyl group that remains can be converted into a number of different krebs cycles intermediates
42
Q

Why do experiments with artifical hydrogen acceptors create problems

A
  • it is difficult to determine the end point as the time taken for colour to change is subjective
  • produces a reprical graph - short time represent a high rate of repiration
43
Q

What do we use to record results to improve reliability with experiments with artificial hydrogen acceptors

A
  • using a colorimeter to measure how dark the solution is (% transmission) is a good improvement to determine the end point of a reaction
44
Q

Describe the experiment with artificial hydrogen acceptors

A
  • a number of artificial hydrogen acceptors eg methylene blue (turns colourless when reduced) or TTC (which turns red when reduced) can be used with yeast to measure the rate of respiration
  • the time taken for the colour change to occur can be measured under a number of different intependent variables eg temperature or glucose concentration

Biology component 1 (5 decks)

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