importance of ATP Flashcards
describe wht process ATP provdes energy for when hydrolysed
- protein synthesis
- muscle contraction
- DNA syntheis ,
- active transport
- mitosis
what does atp stand for
adenosine triphosphate
what group of molecules does ATP belong to
nucleotides
what is ATP made from
- mae from ribose and adenine (Collectivley known as ribulose) and three phosphates
what is the function of ATP
- universal energy carrier
- used in all reactions in all organisms
- releases energy in small quantitiez (30.6kj per mol)
- via a one step reaction
- where the high energy bond between the second and third phophate group is broken
what is the enzyme that hydrolyses ATP
ATPase
describe the synthesis of ATP in photosynthesis and respiration
- ATP is made when protons are pumped across membrane using energy from electrons to create an electrochemical or proton gradient
- when protons flow back through the stalked particles down the concentration gradient by a process known chemiosmosis ATP synthetase phosphorylates ADP into ATP
- in chloroplasts this occurs in the thylakoid membrane whereas in the mitochondria it occurs on the inner membrane or the cristae
- electrons pass from the proton pumps to a terminal electron acceptor in mitochondria this is oxygen in chloroplasts it is the coenezymee NADP or chlorophyll
chemiosmosis
the flow of protons down an electrochemical gradeint through ATP synthetase coupled with the synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphate ion
describe ATP synthesis in mitochondria
- uses energy carried by electrons to pump protons across the membrane they then flow back through stalked particles
- ATP synthetase
- from inter membrane space to matrix - proton gradient
- FAD AND NAD co enzymes involved
describe ATP synthesis in chloroplasts
- uses electron energy to pump protons across the mebrane which then flow back through stalked particles
- ATP synthetase
- from thylakoid space to stroma - proton gradient
- thylakoid membrane - site of electron transport chain
- NADP and H+ (non cyclic photophosphorylation) and chlorophyll _ (cyclic phosphorylation) - terminal electron acceptor
activation energy
the energy needed to start a chemical reaction
what is phosphorylation
- addition of a phosphate group or ion to a molecule
describe examples of where molecules have been phosphorylated
- in respiration nd photsynthesis ADP
- glucose in glycolysis forming glucose diphosphate
why is glucose in glycolysis phosphorylated
- makes glucose more reactive
- eassier to split
- lowers the activation energy of the reaction invovled
oxidative phosphorylation
occurs when a phosphate ion is added to ADP using energy from electron loss ie oxidation reactions
photophosphorylation
- energy powers the proton pump and electron transport chain in chloroplast comes from light
- hence ATP in chloroplasts is synthesised by photophosphorylation
substrate level phosphorylation and give an example
- occurs when phosphate groups are transfereed from donor molecules eg photphate is transferred from glycerate - 3- phosphate to ADP in glycolysis of respiration
