Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of aerobic respiration

A

1) glycolysis
2) link reaction
3) krebs cycle
4) oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

Location of glycolysis

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

Glycolysis

A

Substrate level phosphorylation
- 2 ATP molecules add 2 phosphate groups to glucose
glucose phosphate splits into two triose phosphate (3C) molecules
both TP molecules are oxidised
(reducing NAD) to form 2 pyruvate molecules (3C)
releases 4 ATP molecules

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4
Q

Coenzymes

A

A molecule which aids / assists an enzyme
NAD and FAD in respiration both
gain hydrogen to form reduced
NAD and reduced FAD
NADP in photosynthesis gains
hydrogen to form reduced NADP

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5
Q

Coenzymes

A

A molecule which aids / assists an enzyme
NAD and FAD in respiration both
gain hydrogen to form reduced
NAD and reduced FAD
NADP in photosynthesis gains
hydrogen to form reduced NADP

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6
Q

Products of glycolysis

A

Net gain of 2 ATP
2 reduced NAD
2 pyruvate

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7
Q

Location of link reaction

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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8
Q

Link reaction

A

Reduced NAD and pyruvate are actively transported to matrix
pyruvate is oxidised to acetate (forming reduced NAD)
carbon removed and CO2 forms
acetate combines with coenzyme A to form acetylcoenzyme A (2C)

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9
Q

Products of link reaction

A

2 acetylcoenzyme A molecules
2 carbon dioxide molecules released
2 reduced NAD molecules

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10
Q

Location of krebs cycle

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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11
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Acetylcoenzyme A combines with 4C molecule to produce a 6C molecule - enters cycle
oxidation-reduction reactions

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12
Q

Products of Krebs cycle

A

8 reduced coenzymes:
6 reduced NAD
2 reduced FAD
2 ATP
4 carbon dioxide

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13
Q

Location of oxidative phosphorylation

A

Cristae of mitochondria

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14
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Double membrane with inner membrane folded into cristae enzymes in matrix

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15
Q

Role of reduced coenzyme in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Accumulate in mitochondrial matrix, where they release their protons and electrons
regenerate NAD and FAD to be used in glycolysis/ link reaction / Krebs cycle

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16
Q

Role of electrons in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electrons pass down series of
electron carrier proteins, losing energy as they move energy released actively transports H+ from
mitochondrial matrix to inter membrane space
electrochemical gradient
generated

17
Q

How is atp made in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Protons move down electrochemical gradient back into matrix via ATP synthase
ATP created movement of H+ is chemiosmosis

18
Q

Role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in electron transport chain
oxygen combines with protons and electrons to form water
enables the electron transport chain to continue

19
Q

How would lack of oxygen effect respiration

A

Electrons can’t be passed along the electron transport chain
the Krebs cycle and link reaction stop because NAD and FAD cannot be produced

20
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons
when a molecule loses hydrogen

21
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons
A reaction where a molecule gains a hydrogen

22
Q

Location of anaerobic respiration

A

Cytoplasm
glycolysis only source of ATP

23
Q

Anaerobic respiration in plants and microbes

A

Pyruvate produced in glycolysis is reduced to form ethanol and CO2
pyruvate gains hydrogen from reduced NAD
reduced NAD oxidised to NAD so can be reused in glycolysis
2 ATP produced

24
Q

Anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Pyruvate produced in glycolysis is reduced to form lactate
pyruvate gains hydrogen from reduced NAD
reduced NAD oxidised to NAD so can be reused in glycolysis
2 ATP produced

25
Q

Other respiratory substances

A

Fatty acids and amino acids can enter the kreb cycle for continued atp synthesis

26
Q

Lipids as respiratory substances

A

Glycerol from lipid hydrolysis
converted to acetylcoenzyme A
can enter the Krebs cycle

27
Q

Proteins as respiratory substances

A

Amino acids from protein hydrolysis can be converted to intermediates within Krebs cycle