respiration Flashcards
where does glycolysis occur?
in cytoplasm of mitochondria
what happens during glycolysis?
glucose phosphorylated using phosphate from 2 ATP to make hexose bisphosphate
hexose splits into 2 triose phosphate molecules
hydrogen atoms and phosphate groups are removed to make 2 molecules of pyruvate
what are the overall products of glycolysis?
2 ATP used
4 ATP made
net of 2 ATP produced
2 NAD red made
what happens in the link reaction?
2 pyruvates enter matrix
pyruvate dehydrogenated to release hydrogen
hydrogen accepted by 2 NAD red
pyruvate decarboxylated to remove CO2
produces acetate
acetate combines with coenzyme A to produce acetyl coenzyme A
what does link reaction produce?
2 NAD red
2 CO2
2 acetyl coA
where does link reaction take place?
mitochondrial matrix
what happens during the krebs cycle?
acetate from acetyl coA combines with 4C compound to produce 6C compound
GC compound dehydrogenated and decarboxylated to produce CO2, NAD red and 5C compound
5C compound dehydrogenated and decarboxylated to form CO2, NAD red and 4C compound
4C compound changed into another 4C compound
this creates energy to produce one ATP molecule
4C changed into another 4C again
hydrogen atoms removed and accepted by FAD then removed again and accepted by NAD
this regenerates starting 4C compound
REPEATS TWICE (two acetyl coA molecules)
what happens during oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis in respiration?
reduced NAD and FAD are re-oxidised when offloading their H+ and electrons
electrons pass along chain of electron carriers and donated to oxygen molecule
ATP formed by adding phosphate group to ADP
what happens during lactic acid fermentation?
pyruvate uses reduced NAD to form lactic acid and NAD
NAD regenerated in glycolysis and fermentation
2 ATP molecules formed
lactic acid goes to liver to convert back to pyruvate
what happens during alcoholic fermentation?
2 pyruvate are decarboxylated into 2 ethanal and 2 CO2
2 ethanal molecules are reduced to 2 ethanol molecules using NAD red
NAD regenerated
what is fermentation?
anaerobic process that follows glycolysis to continue ATP production until oxygen is available
what is energy yield from each molecule of NAD red?
3 ATP
what is energy yield from each molecule of FAD red?
2 ATP
what is energy budget for aerobic respiration?
38 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule
how do you calculate efficiency of ATP production?
energy made available through ATP / energy released in combustion x 100
