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respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where does each part of respiration occur in the mitochondria?

A

*Glycolysis - cytoplasm (anaerobic)
*Link and krebs- mitochondrial matrix
*Oxidative phosphorylation - inner
mitochondrial membrane

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2
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis

A
  • Glucose phosphorylated to glucose phosphate
    ○ Using inorganic phosphates from 2 ATP
  • Hydrolysed to 2 x triose phosphate
    *Oxidised to 2 pyruvate
    ○ 2 NAD reduced
    ○ 4 ATP regenerated (net gain of 2)
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3
Q

Explain what happens after glycolysis if respiration is anaerobic

A
  1. Pyruvate converted to lactate (animals & some bacteria) or ethanol (plants & yeast)
  2. Oxidising reduced NAD → NAD regenerated
  3. So glycolysis can continue (which needs NAD) allowing continued production of ATP
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4
Q

What is required for pyruvate to be actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix

A

Oxygen

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5
Q

Describe the link reaction

A
  1. Pyruvate oxidised (and decarboxylated) to acetate
    ○ CO2 produced
    ○ Reduced NAD produced (picks up H)
  2. Acetate combines with coenzyme A, forming Acetyl Coenzyme A
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6
Q

What is the purpose of Coenzyme A

A

helps bind acetate- 2C to 4C in Krebs cycle

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7
Q

Describe the Krebs cycle

A

Acetyl coenzyme A (2C) reacts with a
4C molecule
○ Releasing coenzyme A
○ Producing a 6C molecule that
enters the Krebs cycle
2. In a series of oxidation-reduction
reactions, the 4C molecule is regenerated and:
○ 2 x CO2 lost
○ Coenzymes NAD & FAD reduced
○ Substrate level phosphorylation
(direct transfer of Pi from compound to ADP) → ATP produced

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8
Q

How does 4C regenerate in the kerb cycle

A

*Citrate (6C) is decarboxylated (releasing CO₂) and dehydrogenated (producing NADH and FADH₂) until a 4C molecule is regenerated.
The final step involves the regeneration of oxaloacetate (4C), which combines with another acetyl-CoA to restart the cycle.

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9
Q

How many products per glucose are created in the kerbs cycle

A

6 x reduced NAD,
2 x reduced FAD, 2 x ATP and 4 x CO2

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10
Q

How many products per glucose are created in the link reaction

A

2 x Acetyl Coenzyme A,
2 X CO2 and 2 X reduced NAD

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11
Q

Describe oxidative phospholyration

A

*reduced coenzymes release hydrogen
*hydrogen splits into protons and electrons
*electrons are transported down the electron carriers
*process releases energy, energy used to transport protons from matrix into intermembrane space
*electron chemical gradient created
*protons move down conc gradient thru ATP synthase
*ADP and Pi phospholyrated

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12
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur

A

Cytoplasm

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13
Q

Alternative respiratory substrates

A

Fatty acids converted to acetyl co a- used in Krebs cycle
Glycerol- triose phosphate- glycolisis/krebs
Amino acid- deamination- 3C into pyruvate and 4C and 5C atoms in krebs cycle (enter respiratory pathways at diff stages depending on number of C)

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14
Q

How is 38 ATP made

A

G= 2NAD- 6ATP
LR= 2NAD- 6ATP
Krebs- 2 ATP from sub level and 22 ATP (6NADH= 18, 2FADH- 4ATP)

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15
Q

how much atp is produced by 1 NADH and 1 FADH

A

1 NADH- 3
1 FADH- 2

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16
Q

How do u calculate rate of transpiration?

A

Rate of respiration= volume/ time x mass
Volume calculate by pi x r2

17
Q

Explain why apparatus must be air tight in respirometer

A

*prevents air from entering/leaving as it would change volume and pressure
*affecting movement of liquid

18
Q

What’s the purpose of the CO2 absorber

A

absorb CO2produced in respiration so volume of oxygen absorbed by organism can be measured

19
Q

How do respirometers work?

A

*oxygen used for aerobic respiration
*reduces the volume of oxygen in tube, therefore decreasing the pressure
*CO2 absorbent/ potassium hydroxide (KOH) absorbs CO2
*liquid in connecting tubes moves from higher to lower pressure
*time taken is measured

20
Q

Describe how a respirometer can be used to measure the rate of aerobic respiration (by measuring oxygen uptake)

A
  1. Add set mass of single-celled organism to set volume / conc. of substrate
  2. Add a buffer to keep pH constant
  3. Add a set volume / conc. of a chemical that absorbs CO2 eg. sodium hydroxide
  4. Place in water bath at a set temperature and allow to equilibrate
  5. Measure distance moved by coloured liquid in a set time
21
Q

Explain why the respirometer apparatus is left open for 10 minutes. (1)

A

● Allow apparatus to equilibrate
● Allow for overall pressure change throughout
● Allow respiration rate of organisms to stabilise

22
Q

Describe a more accurate way to measure volume of gas. (1)

A

Use a gas syringe

23
Q

Suggest a suitable control experiment and explain why it is necessary. (2)

A
  • No organisms OR use inert objects OR use dead organisms AND all other conditions / apparatus / equipment the same
    ● To show that (respiring) organisms are causing liquid to move / taking up oxygen / causing the change in volume / pressure
24
Q

Describe how a respirometer can be used to measure the rate of anaerobic respiration (by measuring carbon dioxide release)

A

● Repeat experiment but remove chemical that absorbs CO2
● Make conditions anaerobic, for example:
○ Layer of oil / liquid paraffin above yeast to stop O2 diffusing in
○ Add a chemical that absorbs O2
○ Leave for an hour to allow O2 to be respired and used up

25
Q

Describe how a respirometer can be used to measure the rate of anaerobic respiration (by measuring carbon dioxide release)

A

● Repeat experiment but remove chemical that absorbs CO2
● Make conditions anaerobic, for example:
○ Layer of oil / liquid paraffin above yeast to stop O2 diffusing in
○ Add a chemical that absorbs O2
○ Leave for an hour to allow O2 to be respired and used up

26
Q

What happens with plants/bacteria/animal aerobic respiration and there’s a CO2 absorber?

A

*CO2 is absorbed in experimental tube
*decrease in pressure
*volume decreases
*volume moves towards the organism

27
Q

What happens with plants/bacteria/animal aerobic respiration and there’s NO CO2 absorber?

A

*equilibrium no movement

28
Q

What happens with bacteria/yeast anaerobic respiration and there’s a CO2 absorber?

A

*NO O2
*CO2 absorbed
*equillibrium= no movement

29
Q

What happens with plants/yeast anaerobic respiration and there’s NO CO2 absorber?

A

*NO oxygen used
*NO CO2 absorbed
*pressure increase
*liquid moves AWAY from organism

30
Q

I What happens with maggots anaerobic respiration and there’s NO CO2 absorber and there is?

A

WITH:
*NO CO2 absorbed
*NO O2 uptaken
*equilibrium, no movement
WITHOUT:
*equillibrium, no movement

31
Q

In maggot anaerobic respiration with CO2 absorber no CO2 in absorbed and NO O2 is uptaken and equillibrium is reached. Why is CO2 not absorbed?

A

Maggots produces lactate not CO2 so there’s no CO2 to be absorbed

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