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cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What organelles does a eukaryotic cell contain?

A

*nucleus
*cell surface membrane
*mitochondria
*80s ribosomes
*cytoplasm
*rough endoplasmic reticulum
*smooth endoplasmic reticulum
*golgi apparatus

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2
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

*double membrane with pores
*nucleolus
*contains chromatin

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3
Q

What r the functions of the nucleus

A

*stores genetic info for polypeptide production
*site of DNA replication
*site of production of mRNA and tRNA and rNA (nucleolus)

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4
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A

*double membrane
*inner membrane folded to form cristae (high SA)
*liquid part (matrix) contains ribosomes, lipids, proteins and mitochondrial DNA

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5
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Site of ATP production

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6
Q

Structure of RER

A

*highly folded membrane with 80s ribosomes
*membrane folded into flattened sacks (cisternae)

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7
Q

Function of RER

A

*ribosomes on the surface synthesise proteins
*proteins packed into vesicle

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8
Q

Structure of SER

A

*highly flattened sacks called cisternae

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9
Q

Function of SER

A

*recombines fatty acids and glycerol to produce triglycerides
*packages triglycerides into vesicles and transports them to golgi

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10
Q

Structure of cytoplasmic ribosome

A
  • 2 subunits of long strands of rNA and ribosomal proteins
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11
Q

Function of cytoplasmic ribosome

A

*site of protein Synthesis

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12
Q

Structure of Golgi Apparatus

A

*flattened sacks of membrane filled w fluid
*golgi vesicles pinch off from main membrane

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13
Q

Function of golgi appartus

A

*sorts, and packages proteins, triglycerides into vesicles
*modifies proteins and lipids by adding carbohydrates to them and turning them into glycoproteins/lipids

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14
Q

Structure of lysosome

A

*membrane bound organelle with hydrolytic enzymes

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15
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

*hydrolyse pathogens and worn out components

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16
Q

Example of cell that contains a lot of lysosomes

A

*phagocytes because they hydrolysed a lot of invading pathogens

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17
Q

Function of cell surface membrane

A

*Selectively permeable → enables control of passage of substances in / out of cell
* receptors on surface → allow cell recognition

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18
Q

Structure of centrioles

A

Microtubules

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19
Q

Function of centrioles

A

*form network of spindle fibers that chromosomes attach to
*pull chromosomes apart during mitosis

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20
Q

Structure of chloroplasts

A

*granum
*thylakoid membranes
*strach grains
*stroma
*DNA and ribosomes
*lamella- thick lining around granum

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21
Q

Function of granum

A

stack of thylakoid membranes

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22
Q

Function of thylakoid membranes

A

*has chlorophyll for photosynthesis
*has ATP synthase for ATP production

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23
Q

Function of stroma

A

*fluid part
*spme photosynthesis occurs here

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24
Q

Function of starch grains

A

*energy storage in plants

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25
Q

Function of DNA and ribosomes in chloroplasts

A

*have their own DNA and 70s ribosomes for synthesis of enzymes that are needed in photosynthesis

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26
Q

How do TEM microscopes work

A

*electrons pass through the specimen. allowing to see all the organelles

27
Q

How do SEM microscopes work

A

*elctrons bounce off the specimen producing 3D image

28
Q

What type of specimens do light and TEM microscopes work on

A

*light microscope- living or dead
*TEM- Dead – they are fixed in resin and sliced very thinly. Must be in a vacuum.

29
Q

LImitations of TEM

A
  1. Cannot look at living material / Must be in a vacuum;
  2. Specimen must be (very) thin;
  3. Artefacts present;
  4. Complex staining method
30
Q

advantage of using a TEM rather than a
SEM.

A

*Higher resolution
*allows internal details of specimen to be seen

31
Q

advantage of using a SEM rather than a
TEM.

A

*Thin sections do not need to be prepared
*shows surface of specimen
*can have 3-D images;

32
Q

How do scientists study organelle function?

A

Cell Fractionation & differential-centrifugation

33
Q

What are the steps of homogenising?

A

*tissues are homogenised in blender to break the cells releasing the organelles into the solution

34
Q

What type of solution is required for homogenising?

A

*ice cold
*isotonic
*buffered

35
Q

Why does the solution needs to be ice cold?

A
  • reduce enzyme action of enzymes that would digest organelles
36
Q

Why does the solution need to be isotonic (same water potential)?

A

prevents osmosis of water in and out the cell so it doesnt burst or shrivel

37
Q

Why does the solution need to be buffered?

A

*stop pH changes that could denature proteins

38
Q

What is the last step of homogenising?

A

*Filter mixture to remove any large pieces of tissue/cells producing a solution of suspended organelles (supernatant).

39
Q

What are the steps of differential centrifugation of the supernatant?

A

*centrifuge at high speed- densest organelles like nucleus go to the bottom into a pellet thats removed

*centrifuge at higher speed- the next densest organelles go to the bottom to the pellet and are then removed

40
Q

What is the most dense, second densest, and least dense organelle

A

*most dense- nucleus
*second- mitochondria/chloroplasts
*least- ribosomes

41
Q

What is the structure of the cell vacuole and function

A

*tonoplast membrane
*cell sap
Cell vacuole contains sugafr, proteins and waste materials. Maintains turgor pressure in cell (stopping plant wilting)

42
Q

What is a tissue

A

*group of SPECIALISED cells with similar structure that work for a specific function

43
Q

Whats an organ

A

aggregation of tissues performing specific function

44
Q

Whats an organ system

A

group of organs working together for a specific function

45
Q

Describe how you can apply your knowledge of cell features / organelles to explain adaptations of eukaryotic cells

A

● [Named cell] has many [named organelle, eg. ribosomes]
● To [link organelle function to cell function eg. increase rate of protein synthesis, making many antibodies]

for eg
*respiring cells have many mitochondria, fo aresobic respiration that release energy from ATP formation

46
Q

Features that are ALWAYS in prokaryotic cells

A

*cell wall of chitin and membrane
*circular DNA
*70s ribosomes
*cytoplasm

47
Q

Features that are SOMETIMES in prokaryotic cells

A

*plasmids
*capsule
*flagella

48
Q

Explain why viruses are described as acellular and non-living

A

*Acellular - not made of cells,
*no cell membrane/ cytoplasm / organelles
● Non-living - have no metabolism, cannot independently move / respire / replicate / excrete

49
Q

General structure of viruses

A

*nucleic acid - RNA or DNA surronded by capsid
*attachment proteins- bind to receptors on host cell
*no organelles

50
Q

Structure of HIV

A

*nucleic acid- RNA/DNA
*reverse transcripstase
*capsid
*attachment proteins
*lipid envelope

51
Q

Describe the stages of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

A

*INterphase- S phase is where DNA replicates semi-conservatively
G1/G2- number of organelles and volume of cytoplasm increase, protein syntheis

2nd-Mitosis-
*nucleus divides
* produce 2 nuclei with identical copies of DNA produced by parent cell

3rd- Cytokinesis
*Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
*form 2 new genetically identical daughter cells

52
Q

why does the number of the organelles and the volume of the cytoplasm increase in the G1/G2 interphase

A

cell grows in size. As it grows, it needs more organelles to support the increased cellular functions. This is because a larger cell requires more energy,

volume of cytoplasm increases so after division, each of the two new daughter cells will have enough cytoplasm and organelles to function properly.

53
Q

Describe the Prophase

A

*chromosomes condense and supercoil and appear as 2 identical sister chromatids
*centrioles move to opposite poles create spindle network
*nuclear envelope breaks down

54
Q

Describe Metaphase

A

*spindle fibers attach to chromatids by centromere
*align down equator

55
Q

Describe Anaphase

A

*spindle fibers shorten
*centromere divides
*equal sister chromatids on opposite ends of cell

56
Q

Describe Telophase

A

*chromosomes uncoil- larger and thinner apperance
*spindle fiber breaks down
*nuclear envelope reforms

57
Q

Explain the importance of mitosis in the life of an organism

A

Parent cell divides to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells for…
*Growth of multicellular organisms by increasing cell number
*Replacing cells to repair damaged tissues
*Asexual reproduction

58
Q

Describe how tumours and cancers form

A

Mutations in DNA / genes controlling mitosis can lead to uncontrolled cell division
● Tumour formed if this results in mass of abnormal cells
○ Malignant tumour = cancerous, can spread (metastasis)
○ Benign tumour = non-cancerous

59
Q

Suggest how cancer treatments control rate of cell division

A

*some disrupt spindle fibre formation
*chromosomes can’t attach to spindle by their centromere
* So chromatids can’t be separated to opposite poles (no anaphase)
*So prevents / slows mitosis
● Some prevent DNA replication during interphase
*can’t make 2 copies of each chromosome
○ So prevents / slows mitosis

60
Q

Describe binary fission

A

*DNA/ plasmid replicate
*cytoplasm divides
*produces 2 daughter cells

*single copy of circular DNA
● Variable number of copies of plasmids

61
Q

Describe how viruses replicate

A

*attachment proteins bind to host cell
*secretes nucleic acid in host cell
*Infected host cell replicates virus particles:
a. Nucleic acid replicated
b. Cell produces capsid
c. Virus assembled then released

62
Q

Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells.

Do not include details of transcription and translation in your answer.

A
  1. DNA in nucleus is code (for protein);
  2. Ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum
    produce (protein);
  3. Mitochondria produce ATP (for protein
    synthesis);
    4 Golgi apparatus package/modify;
    OR
    Carbohydrate added/glycoprotein produced by
    Golgi apparatus;
    5 Vesicles transport
    OR
    Rough endoplasmic reticulum transports;
  4. (Vesicles) fuse with cell(-surface) membrane;
63
Q

Describe and explain how you would use cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation to obtain sample of nucleus from muscle tissue

A

Homogenise (tissue) to break open cells
OR
Homogenise (tissue) to release
organelles/nuclei;
2. Filter to remove (intact) tissue/cells/debris;
3. Cold (solution) to prevent enzyme activity;
4. (Solution with) equivalent water potential to
prevent osmosis
OR
(Solution with) equivalent water potential to
prevent organelles bursting/shrinking;
5. Buffered (solution) to stop enzymes/protein
denaturing;
6. Centrifuge/spin at low(er) speed so nuclei in
pellet/move to bottom
OR
Centrifuge at low(er) speed and
supernatant/solution discarded;

64
Q

Describe the role of organelles in the production and release of enzymes by animal cells

A
  1. DNA in nucleus codes for enzyme/protein
    (production);
  2. Ribosome produce enzyme protein
  3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
    modifies protein;
  4. Mitochondria produce ATP;
  5. Golgi apparatus modify/process/
    package/transport protein forms/releases vesicles;
  6. Vesicles move (protein) to cell(-surface) membrane
    OR
    Vesicles fuse with cell(-surface) membrane;

Bio (20 decks)

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