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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four stages in aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Link reaction, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation

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2
Q

Where does link reaction occur?

A

In mitochondrial matrix

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In cytosol, outside of mitochondrion

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3
Q

Where does Krebs cycle take place?

A

In mitochondrial matrix

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4
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

In the inner membrane of mitochondia (cristae)

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5
Q

What are the 4 steps of glycolysis?

A
  1. Phosphorylation of glucose
  2. Lysis
  3. Oxidation by dehydrogenation
  4. Substrate-level phosphorylation
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6
Q

What happens during phosphorylation of glucose in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP is invested, 1 phosphate group from each ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose to produce fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Reaction is catalysed by phosphofructokinase (PFK).

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7
Q

How does phosphorylation affect glucose?

A

It activates the sugar, making it more reactive and committing it to the glycotic pathway. Phosphorylation also confers a negative charge to glucose, making it impermeable, thus unable to diffuse across cell membrane and is trapped within cytosol.

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8
Q

What happens during lysis in glycolysis?

A

Phosphorylated 6C sugar (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) is split into two 3C sugar phosphates, known as G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

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9
Q

What happens during oxidation by dehydrogenation in glycolysis?

A

G3P is oxidised by dehydrogenation, coenzyme NAD+ is reduced to NADH. Energy released is used to add a second phosphate group to G3P to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

Each G3P releases 1 NADH, thus each glucose molecule releases 2 NADH.

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10
Q

What happens during substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis?

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is dephosphorylated to form the final product of glycolysis, pyruvate. The 2 phosphate groups on each pyruvate is transferred by enzymes to 2 ADP molecules to form 2 ATP.

Each G3P releases 2 ATP, thus each glucose molecule releases 4 ATP. Thus net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH

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11
Q

What is the process of link reaction?

A

Oxidative Decarboxylation

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12
Q

What happens during link reaction/oxidative decarboxylation?

A

Each pyruvate is decarboxylated, to form CO2
Oxidation by dehydrogenation also occurs, yielding NADH and a 2C compound.

2C compound combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

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13
Q

What are the 3 main stages of Krebs Cycle?

A
  1. Acetyl CoA (2C) combines with oxaloacetate (4C) which forms citrate/citric acid (6C)
  2. Citrate (6C) is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated to form α-ketoglutarate and NADH, process involves oxidative decarboxylation. CO2 is also produced as a result of decarboxylation.
  3. Oxaloacetate (4C) is regenerated. Involves, 1 decarboxylation to from CO2, 3 hydrogenation steps to form 2 NADH and 1 FADH2 and 1 substrate-level phosphorylation to form 1 ATP
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14
Q

What is the net yield from Krebs Cycle of 1 glucose molecule?

A

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP

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15
Q

What is the net yield from Krebs Cycle of 1 pyruvate?

A

2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 ATPT

16
Q

The inner mitochondrial membrane where oxidative phosphorylation is highly folded to increases surface area for the accommodation of?

A
  1. Many electron transport chains (ETC)
  2. Many ATP synthases - enzyme complexes involved in ATP synthesis
17
Q

What is the function of NAD+ and FAD?

A
  • They are coenzymes for dehydrogenase
  • Electrons and protons are transferred to NAD+ and FAD forming NADH (reduced NAD) and FADH2 (reduced FAD).
  • NAD+ and FAD act as mobile electron carriers
18
Q

Describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation.

A
  1. NADH molecules donate electrons to first electron carrier of ETC
  2. High energy electrons travel down ETC, energy released is coupled to the pumping of H+ from mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane space via electrons carriers of ETC
  3. As H+ diffuses down concentration gradient through ATP synthase, ADP is phosphorylated to form ATP in a process called chemiosmosis
  4. O2 (molecular oxygen) acts as final electron accepter, it accepts electrons and combines with H+ to produce H2O
19
Q

What is the products gained from a singular glucose molecule before oxidative phosphorylation?

A

6 CO2 + 4 ATP + 10 NADH + 2 FADH2

20
Q

What is the total ATP gained from a singular glucose molecule after aerobic respiration is complete?

A

4 + 10x3 + 2x2 = 38

Each NADH releases 3 ATP and each FADH2 releases 2 ATP

21
Q

What enzymes catalyses lactic acid fermentation?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

22
Q

What enzymes catalyses alcohol fermentation?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

23
Q

What is the final electron acceptor during lactic acid fermentation?

A

Pyruvate

24
Q

What is the final electron acceptor during alcohol fermentation?

A

Ethanal/acetaldehyde

Biology (15 decks)

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