Respiration Flashcards
definition of aerobic respiration
-break down of food substances in presence of O2
-release of large amounts of energy
-CO2 and water released as waste products
definition of anaerobic respiration
-break down of food substances in absence of O2
-release of comparatively small amounts of energy
definition and chemical formula of alcoholic fermentation
-C6H12O6——2C2H5OH+2CO2
-one glucose mol converted to 2 mol of ethanol and 2 mol for CO2
-incomplete breakdown of glucose mol
-small amounts of ATP produced
-energy still stored in ethanol
definition of lactic acid fermentation
-one glucose mol broken down to release two ATP mol
-provides ATP to a cell even when O2 levels are low
describe respiration process when exercising
-during vigorous muscle contractions, O2 supply to muscles increase by increasing rate of breathing and heartbeat
-however, there is a limit to the rate of breathing and heartbeat
-when there is a shortage of oxygen in the muscles during vigorous exercise, muscle cells carry out anaerobic respiration for a short period of time
-glucose is partially oxidised
-lactic acid produced as waste product
-much energy stored in lactic acid
how does lactic acid build up
-insufficient O2 to meet demands during vigorous muscle contractions
-LA slowly builds up in muscles
-high concentration of LA is toxic and cause fatigue and soreness
-body needs to recover
what happens while resting after exercise
-increase breathing rate and deeper breathing continue to supply oxygen to compensate oxygen debt
-LA is removed from the muscle and transported to the liver
-In the liver, some LA is oxidise to produce energy
-This energy then converts the remaining LA back into glucose
-glucose is transported back to muscle where it may be strored as glycogen
why is the glucose solution boiled first and what does the oil serve as,
and what is the control setup
-remove dissolved oxygen in the solution
-prevents oxygen from re-entering the glucose and yeast suspension
-swap glucose with water
purpose of Milton solution and cotton wool
-prevent growth of microorganisms such as bacteria
-allows for gaseous exchange between the seeds and the environment
path of air
-atmosphere
-external nostrils
-nassal passages
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronci
-bronchioles
-alveoli
functions of respiratory system
-exchange O2, air to blood, blood to cells
-exchange CO2, cells to blood, blood to air
-vocalisation
-protect alveoli
-regulate blood pH
-fill, warm and moisten air
what happens when you inhale
-diaphragm contracts and flattens
-external intercostal muscle contract while internal intercostal muscle relax
-ribs moves up and out, sternum moves up and forward
-volume of thoracic cavity increases
-air pressure in lungs causes them to expand to fill up enlarged space in your thorax
-expansion of lungs causes air pressure inside them to decrease
-atmospheric pressure is now higher than inside of the lungs causing air to rush into lungs
what happens when you exhale
-diaphragm relaxes and arches upwards
-internal costal muscle contracts while external costal muscle relax
-ribs move downwards and inwards, sternum moves down to original position
-volume of thoracic cavity decreases
-lungs are compressed and air pressure inside them increase as volume decrease
-air pressure in lungs are higher than atmospheric pressure causing air to be forced out of lungs to exterior
how is air filtered
-before reaching the lungs, air is moistened, filtered and warmed
-air picks up moisture from the mucus by the mucous membrane and is warmed to body temperature
-filtration of air is accomplished by trapping and removing dust particles, foreign matter and bacteria by the mucus and cilia
what is the cilia and mucus
-cilia are hair like structures in the mucous membrane
-cilia move constantly, transporting the layer of mucus with foreign matters towards the pharynx
-mucus is then sneezed out of swallowed
adaptations of alveoli for gaseous exchange
-millions of alveoli provide large surface area for gaseous exchange
-walls of alveoli is covered with a layer of water to dissolve the gases
-walls of alveoli is one cell thick for quick and easy diffusion of gases in solution
-richly supplied with capillaries for rapid transport of gases, also resulting in steep concentration gradient which increases rate of diffusion
how do RBC pick up oxygen
-pick up oxygen as it diffuses through the alveolus and capillary walls then into the RBC to form oxyghaemoglobin
how is CO2 removed
-carbon dioxide arrives at the alveolus as hydrogen carbonate ion and diffuses into the alveolus to be removed during exhalation
how to show the effect of exercise on rate of breathing
-count the number of breaths taken in in 1 min by another person at rest
-do this three times and take the average
-the person then should do 5 mins of vigorous exercise
-count the number of breaths taken in 30 seconds for a period of 10 mins
-calculate rate of breathing per min
-plot a graph of breathing against time
definition of tidal air, complemental air, and supplemental air
-air that moves in and out of lungs with each breath
-air that can be inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume
-air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration
what is vital capacity and residual air
-total volume of air blown out after a deep breath, TV+IRV+ERV
properties and effects on the body of nicotine
-addictive drug that causes the release of adrenaline
-increase in heartbeat and blood pressure, increased risk of blood clot
properties of effects of carbon monoxide
-combines with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin that reduces supply of oxygen to body
-damage walls of vessel by increasing rate of fatty deposits on inner arteriole walls
-death of concentration in air increase
-higher risk of atherosclerosis, blood clot
properties and effects of Tar and other irritants
-contains carcinogenic chemicals which induce uncontrolled cell division in the epithelium
-paralyses the cilia lining the air passages
-blockage in air sacs and reduction in the gas exchange efficiency
-dust particles trapped in the mucus lining the airways cannot be filtered
-increased risk of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
how can smoking lead to airway obstruction, dyspnea and frequent infections
-continual bronchiole irritation and inflammation, chronic productive cough, bronchiole edema, bronchospasm
-with antitrypsin deficiency, breakdown of elastin in connective tissue in lungs, destruction of alveolar walls, air trapping and lung fibrosis
process of chronic bronchitis
-epithelium lining becomes inflamed, excessive mucus is secreted by epithelium
-cilia on the epithelium is paralysed, dust particles cannot be removed
-airway blocked, breathing difficulty, person constantly cough trying to clear the airways in order to breathe, higher risk of lung infections
process of emphysema
-persistent and violent cough may lead to emphysema
-coughs destroy alveoli walls
-less SA for gas exchange
-lungs loses elasticity, inflated with air
-difficulty breathing, wheezing for air
-together with chronic bronchitis causes chronic obstructive lung pulmonary disease
how does smoking affect pregnancy
-nicotine narrows arteries bringing blood to placenta, reducing the amount of nutrients reaching the fetus
-carbon monoxide reduces amount of oxygen reaching the fetus through placenta
-affect brain development, born underweight, greater risk of prematurely, miscarriage occur, but baby still born
