Respiration Flashcards
definition of aerobic respiration
-break down of food substances in presence of O2
-release of large amounts of energy
-CO2 and water released as waste products
definition of anaerobic respiration
-break down of food substances in absence of O2
-release of comparatively small amounts of energy
definition and chemical formula of alcoholic fermentation
-C6H12O6——2C2H5OH+2CO2
-one glucose mol converted to 2 mol of ethanol and 2 mol for CO2
-incomplete breakdown of glucose mol
-small amounts of ATP produced
-energy still stored in ethanol
definition of lactic acid fermentation
-one glucose mol broken down to release two ATP mol
-provides ATP to a cell even when O2 levels are low
describe respiration process when exercising
-during vigorous muscle contractions, O2 supply to muscles increase by increasing rate of breathing and heartbeat
-however, there is a limit to the rate of breathing and heartbeat
-when there is a shortage of oxygen in the muscles during vigorous exercise, muscle cells carry out anaerobic respiration for a short period of time
-glucose is partially oxidised
-lactic acid produced as waste product
-much energy stored in lactic acid
how does lactic acid build up
-insufficient O2 to meet demands during vigorous muscle contractions
-LA slowly builds up in muscles
-high concentration of LA is toxic and cause fatigue and soreness
-body needs to recover
what happens while resting after exercise
-increase breathing rate and deeper breathing continue to supply oxygen to compensate oxygen debt
-LA is removed from the muscle and transported to the liver
-In the liver, some LA is oxidise to produce energy
-This energy then converts the remaining LA back into glucose
-glucose is transported back to muscle where it may be strored as glycogen
why is the glucose solution boiled first and what does the oil serve as,
and what is the control setup
-remove dissolved oxygen in the solution
-prevents oxygen from re-entering the glucose and yeast suspension
-swap glucose with water
purpose of Milton solution and cotton wool
-prevent growth of microorganisms such as bacteria
-allows for gaseous exchange between the seeds and the environment
path of air
-atmosphere
-external nostrils
-nassal passages
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronci
-bronchioles
-alveoli
functions of respiratory system
-exchange O2, air to blood, blood to cells
-exchange CO2, cells to blood, blood to air
-vocalisation
-protect alveoli
-regulate blood pH
-fill, warm and moisten air
what happens when you inhale
-diaphragm contracts and flattens
-external intercostal muscle contract while internal intercostal muscle relax
-ribs moves up and out, sternum moves up and forward
-volume of thoracic cavity increases
-air pressure in lungs causes them to expand to fill up enlarged space in your thorax
-expansion of lungs causes air pressure inside them to decrease
-atmospheric pressure is now higher than inside of the lungs causing air to rush into lungs
what happens when you exhale
-diaphragm relaxes and arches upwards
-internal costal muscle contracts while external costal muscle relax
-ribs move downwards and inwards, sternum moves down to original position
-volume of thoracic cavity decreases
-lungs are compressed and air pressure inside them increase as volume decrease
-air pressure in lungs are higher than atmospheric pressure causing air to be forced out of lungs to exterior
how is air filtered
-before reaching the lungs, air is moistened, filtered and warmed
-air picks up moisture from the mucus by the mucous membrane and is warmed to body temperature
-filtration of air is accomplished by trapping and removing dust particles, foreign matter and bacteria by the mucus and cilia
what is the cilia and mucus
-cilia are hair like structures in the mucous membrane
-cilia move constantly, transporting the layer of mucus with foreign matters towards the pharynx
-mucus is then sneezed out of swallowed
