cells Flashcards

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1
Q

how do SEM and TEM work

A

-scans surface of sample to study surface of specimen with 3d image
-electron beam goes through very thin slice of sample to study internal ultra structure of sample with 2d image

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2
Q

difference in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

-DNA ring form without protein free in cytoplasm
-DNA with proteins as chromosomes enclosed within nucleus
-mitochondria
-internal organelle compartmentalisation to form organelles
-

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3
Q

function of different parts of nucleus

A

-control cell activities such as growth and repair of worn out cells
-nucleolus plays a part in making of proteins
-nuclear envelope for regulate passage of molecules
-separate chemical reactions taking place inside and outside of nucleus

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4
Q

properties of cell surface

A

-contains cholesterol, proteins and polysaccharides
-phosphate end of phospholipid molecule has hydrophilic polar end that has attraction to other polar molecules like water
-other end of molecule is made up of two fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic and non polar and will not mix with water

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5
Q

how is a fat made

A

-three fatty acid molecules each join to a glycerol by ester linkage, bond between hydroxyl group and carboxyl group,

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6
Q

what is saturated and unsaturated fats

A

-fatty acid in which all carbons in hydrocarbon tail is linked together by single bond
-molecules closely packed together in liquid, hence solid
-fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between carbon and hydrocarbon tail
-molecules cannot pack together closely enough to solidify because of they kinks in fatty acid tails

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7
Q

why is cytoplasm watery

A

-polar phosphate ends of phospholipid molecule attracted by water
-phospholipids align to form double layer with polar ends on outside of each layer of membrane, non polar tails are inside the bilayer

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8
Q

what are cholesterol

A

-component of animal cell membrane that act as bidirectional regulator of membrane fluidity at both high and low temperature
-sterol, combination of alcohol and steroid

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9
Q

effects of cholesterol on membrane fluidity

A

-greater steroid content, less fluid it is
-fit between phospholipid molecules, increasing rigidity and stability of membrane
-warm temp, restrains movements of phospholipid
-cool temperature, maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing

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10
Q

properties of intrinsic proteins

A

-integral proteins that span the membrane are transmembrane proteins
-hydrophobic region of the protein consist of one or more stretches of non polar amino acids often coiled into alpha helices
-weak hydrogen bonds between polar region of the protein and phospholipid keeps membrane stable

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11
Q

what are glycoproteins

A

-proteins that stick out of membrane like antennae that is important for cells to recognise each other
-act as antigens

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12
Q

functions of membrane proteins

A

-hormone binding sites
-immobilise enzymes
-channels for passive transport
-pumps for active transport
-cell to cell comm
-cell adhesion

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13
Q

how do RER function

A

-have ribosomes attached to its outer surface that synthesise proteins which is then transported to the Golgi apparatus for secretion out of cell
-ribosomes that lie freely in cytoplasm form proteins that are used within the cytoplasm

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14
Q

function of SER

A

-synthesize substances like fats and steroids, sex hormones
-detox

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15
Q

how do Golgi apparatus function

A

-chemically modify substances made by ER
-packages substances into vesicles that are secreted out of the cell
-produce macromolecules

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16
Q

what is the function of secretory vesicles

A

-cell secretion of hormones, neurotransmitters, packaged into vesicles at Golgi apparatus
-transported to cell surface membrane for release
-some contain digestive enzyme and. become lysosomes

17
Q

function of lysosomes

A

-digestion in membrane bound vacuoles where the lysosome fuses, emptying digestive enzymes into that breaks down large molecules at low pH
-destroy worn out organelles and resulting molecules are recycled
-totally destroy old damaged cells

18
Q

common features of mitochondria and chloroplast

A

-bounded by more than one layer of membrane
-transform energy
-possess DNA and ribosomes
-membrane proteins are synthesised by cytoplasm free ribosomes
-can grow and reproduce within cell

19
Q

state all manufacturing components of eukaryotic cell

A

-nucleus synthesise RNA and DNA
-ribosomes synthesise proteins
-RER synthesise membrane, secretory proteins and hydrolytic enzymes and forms vesicle
-SER detox, synthesise lipids, carb metabolism in liver cells, ca storage
-Golgi apparatus modify store transport macromolecules and forms vesicles and lysosomes

20
Q

state all breaking down components of eukaryotic cell

A

-lysosomes digest nutrients, bacteria and damaged organelles, destroy cells
-vacuoles or water balance, storage of chemicals, cell enlargement digestion

21
Q
A