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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Aerobic respiration

A
  • Involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen
  • Generates a large amount of energy

Equation:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

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2
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A
  • Involves the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen
  • Generates a small amount of energy
  • Produces lactic acid
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3
Q

Lactic acid

A

When resting, lactic acid is converted back to glucose

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4
Q

Importance of anaerobic respiration

A

During vigorous activities:
- aerobic respiration alone is not fast enough to supply the increased energy demand
- Anaerobic respiration takes place to meet the increased energy demand
- However, this causes oxygen debt

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5
Q

Oxygen debt

A

The build up of lactic acid in muscles that needs to be removed

This causes:
- Continued fast heart rate to transport lactic acid to the liver via blood for removal and oxygen
- Continued deeper and faster breathing to obtain oxygen for liver

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6
Q

Path of air in the human gas exchange system

A

Nasal passage –> Larynx –> Trachea –> Bronchus
–> Bronchioles –> Alveoli

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7
Q

Nose

A

Function:
- The fringe of hair and the mucus layer on the walls of the nasal cavity trap dust and foregin particles

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8
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Function:
- Warm and moisten the air passing through

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9
Q

Trachea

A

Function:
- C-shaped rings of cartilage support the trachea and keep the lumen of the trachea open
- Gland cells secrete mucus that traps dust particles and foreign particles
- Cilia sweeps trapped particles in the bronchi and trachea up to the pharynx

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10
Q

Adaptation of alveoli for exchange of gases

A
  1. Numerous alveoli in the lungs
    - Increases the SATV for faster rate of diffusion of gases during gaseous exchange
  2. Has many capillaries
    - To maintain a steep diffusion gradient of gases for faster rate of diffusion of gases
  3. Thin film of moisture on alveolar wall
    - Allow oxygen to dissolve and enter the bloodstream
  4. Alveolar wall and capillary wall are one cell thick
    - To keep a shorter diffusion distance for faster rate of diffusion of gases
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11
Q

Breathing

A

It is the muscular contraction and movement of the ribs which result in air moving in and out of the lungs

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12
Q

Process of Inhalation

A
  • The diaphragm contracts and flattens
  • Internal intercostal muscles relax, external intercostal muscle contracts
  • RIbs move upwards and outwards
  • Thoracic cavity volume increases, causing the lungs expands and pressure decreases in the lungs
  • Causing atmospheric air to enter the lung
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13
Q

Process of Exhalation

A
  • The diaphragm relaxes and arches upwards
  • The internal intercostal muscles contracts, the external intercostal muscles relaxes (ERIC)
  • Ribs move downwards and inwards
  • Thoracic cavity volume decreases, causing the lungs to compress and pressure to increase in the lungs
  • Air exits the lungs to the atmosphere
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14
Q

Components of Tobacco smoke

A
  1. Nicotine
  2. Carbon monoxide
  3. Tar
  4. Irritants
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15
Q

Nicotine

A
  • Nicotine is an addictive substance
  • Increases risk of blood clot in blood vessels and heart diseases
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16
Q

Carbon monoxide

A
  • Combines irreversibly with haemoblobin to form carboxyhaemoblobin, reducing the efficiency of blood to transport oxygen
  • Increases the rate at which fats are deposited on the inner arterial wall, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis
17
Q

Tar

A
  • Carcinogenic
  • Paralyses the cilia lining in air passages, hence dust and irritants in the mucus lining cannot be removed
  • Increases the risk of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
  • Reduces the efficiency of gaseous exchange
18
Q

Irritants

A
  • Paralyses the cilia lining in air passages (excess mucus secretion)
  • Increases the risk of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
19
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Symptoms:
- Breathing difficulties due to blocked airways
- Persistent cough

20
Q

Emphysema

A

Symptoms:
- Breathing diffuculties dues to decrease in SATV for gaseous exchange
- Wheezing due to obstruction of air passage

Biology (19 decks)

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