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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

Chemical reaction which takes place in mitochondria of all living cells, releasing energy.
Combustion reaction (glucose reacts with oxygen) and is exothermic.

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2
Q

What can the energy released from respiration be used for?

A

Growth and repair of cells.
Maintain body temp.
Movement.
Allowing chemical reactions to take place.
Building small molecules into larger ones, e.g. amino acids into proteins.
Active transport (root hair cells in plants).

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3
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen > energy + carbon dioxide + water

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4
Q

What is the symbol equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O

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5
Q

How do we get the oxygen needed for respiration?

A

21% of air we breathe in is oxygen.
Inhaled through nose/mouth in air we breathe in and passes along trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and diffuses across thin, moist, permeable wall of alveoli into R.B.C in surrounding capillaries.

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6
Q

How is respiration an exothermic reaction?

A

Heat energy taken in to break bonds in molecules and released when new bonds are made.
More energy given out than taken in.

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7
Q

How do we get the glucose needed for respiration?

A

From digestion of food and carried to body cells in plasma of blood.

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8
Q

What are the waste products of repsiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

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9
Q

How is carbon dioxide removed from the body?

A

Diffuses from body cells, down concentration gradient p, into blood stream and carried in plasma to lungs where exhaled.

Air breathed in - 0.04% CO2
Air breathed out - 4% CO2

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10
Q

How is water removed from the body?

A

Excreted in sweat, urine and breath.

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11
Q

What % of gases do we breathe in in the air?

A

Nitrogen - 79%
Oxygen - 21%
Carbon dioxide - 0.04%

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12
Q

What % of gases do we breathe out in the air?

A

Nitrogen - 79%
Oxygen - 17%
Carbon dioxide - 4%

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13
Q

What is the difference between the air we breathe in and out?

A

Exhaled air is warmer and moister than inhaled air.

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14
Q

Where does gas exchange happen in humans?

A

In the alveoli.

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15
Q

How are the alveoli highly adapted to make gas exchange efficient?

A

Many folded alveoli/
Vast capillary network - increase surface area for gas exchange.

1 cell thick alveoli/
1 cell thick capillary wall/
Capillary close to alveoli - short diffusion distance.

Constant blood supply/
Constant ventilation - maintain steep concentration gradient.

Moist lining - allow gases to dissolve for diffusion.

Permeable - enable gases to dissolve.

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16
Q

What are the adaptations of gas exchange surfaces in plants?

A

Thin, moist, permeable walls of spongy mesophyll cells - allows gases to dissolve and diffusion to occur and maintain diffusion gradient.
Many spongy mesophyll cells around each air space - increase surface area for diffusion.
Thin leaf - short diffusion distance.
Air spaces - allow gases to move through leaf.

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17
Q

Where is air inhaled?

A

Through the nasal and buccal cavities.

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18
Q

Where is the air warmed, filtered and moistened?

A

In the nasal cavity.

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19
Q

What is the windpipe supported by?

A

C-shaped rings of cartilage.

20
Q

What do these C-shaped ri gs of cartilage do to help support the windpipe?

A

Prevent from collapse under pressure whilst allowing expand during inhalation.

21
Q

What line the trachea?

A

Ciliates epithelial cells and goblet cells.

22
Q

What do these cells do?

A

Microbes and dust trapped in mucus, wafted to throat where swallowed or coughed out.

23
Q

What happens to the lungs during inhalation?

A

Intercostal muscles contract, ribs move up and out, diaphragm flattens (contracts), volume of chest increases, pressure of chest cavity decreases and air moves in.

24
Q

What happens to the lungs during exhalation?

A

Intercostal muscles relax, ribs move down and in, diaphragm becomes dome-shaped (relaxes), volume of chest cavity decreases, pressure of chest cavity increase and air moves out.

25
Q

What parts of the Bell Jar Model of Lungs represent parts of the lungs?

A

Lungs represented by balloons.
Diaphragm represented by rubber sheet.
Trachea represented by single glass tube.
Bronchi represented by two smaller tubes.

26
Q

How does the Bell Jar Model demonstrate the breathing process?

A

Diaphragm (rubber sheet) moves down, volume inside glass jar increases. Pressure inside glass jar decreases and air enters the balloons until the pressure inside and outside the bell jar are equal.

27
Q

What are the differences between the Bell Jar Model and the lungs?

A

Glass jar walls do not move unlike chest walls.
More room inside glass jar than in chest cavity.

28
Q

What 2 things happen when extra oxygen is needed?

A

Depth of breathing increases (ribs move out more) and lungs expand more, causing more oxygen to be taken in.

Rate of breathing increases. Breathe more times per unit time, taking in more oxygen per unit time.

29
Q

What is the first things that happens when we increase activity level?

A

Breathing rate/depth increases.
More oxygen inhaled and diffuses into blood.
More oxygen delivered to muscle cells.
Increased respiration.
More energy released for muscle contraction.
Increase CO2 produced.
Exhaled faster.

30
Q

What is the second thing that happens when we increase activity level?

A

Heart rate (pulse rate) increases.
Pumps extra glucose and oxygen to muscle.

31
Q

What is breathing rate?

A

Number of breaths per unit time?

32
Q

Wha this depth of breathing?

A

Volume of air inhaled.

33
Q

What is recovery time?

A

Time taken for breathing rate to return to normal after exercise.

34
Q

What will a fitter person have?

A

Lower resting breathing rate.
Slower rate of breathing increase during exercise.
Lower max breathing rate.
Faster recovery time after exercise.

35
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

During strenuous exercise, not enough oxygen available so glucose respires anaerobically in muscles.

36
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles?

A

Glucose > lactic acid + energy

37
Q

What dose lactic acid do?

A

Causes soreness, cramping and fatigue in muscles.

38
Q

What is the difference in the energy production between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic produces 20x the energy than anaerobic respiration.

39
Q

What happens after anaerobic respiration once exercise is completed?

A

Extra oxygen inhaled to break down lactic acid (oxygen debt).

40
Q

What is produced in anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

Alcohol and carbon dioxide.

41
Q

What are the uses of yeast in production?

A

Wine and beer production.
Bread-making.

42
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

Glucose > alcohol + carbon dioxide + energy

43
Q

What is experiment 1 with yeast?

A

Flask A contains yeast solution with no glucose.
Flask B yeast solution with glucose.
Both flasks have access to oxygen.
Leave both flasks in warm environment and measure height of froth produced by carbon dioxide production.

44
Q

What are the results of experiment 1?

A

Flask A has little or no froth.
Flask B has a lot of froth.

Conclusion - glucose is needed for respiration.

45
Q

What is experiment 2 with yeast?

A

Oxygen removed so yeast respires anaerobically.
Yeast produced carbon dioxide which is collected and bubbled into limewater (turns cloudy) or hydrogen carbonate indicator (red to yellow).

46
Q

What are the conditions of experiment 2?

A

Glucose solution boiled and cooled, boiling removes oxygen and cooled so yeast not killed.
Layer of oil and bung in test tube to stop oxygen getting in.

47
Q

What are the results of experiment 2?

A

Alcohol present in first test tube and temperature rise because respiration is exothermic reaction.

Biology (7 decks)

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