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Biology > Coordination and Control > Flashcards

Coordination and Control Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are involved in sensing and responding to changes in the environment (stimuli)?

A

Nerves and hormones.

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2
Q

What are the differences between the hormonal system and the nervous system?

A

Hormonal system uses chemical signals/messages while nervous system uses electrical impulses.
Transported in bloodstream (animals) while transported through neurones.
Has slow response while has fast response.
Is long lasting while has short duration.

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3
Q

What are examples,es in the hormonal system?

A

Insulin, auxin.

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4
Q

What are examples in the nervous system?

A

Knee jerk, pupil dilation.

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5
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Way in which the lens changes shape to focus light rays in retina, irrespective of how far away an object is.

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6
Q

What happens to the eye when viewing a distant object?

A

Shape of lens becomes long + thin.
Due to ciliary muscles relaxing, causing suspensions ligaments to become taut.
Direction of light rays are parallel so focuses better on fovea (retina).

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7
Q

What happens to the eye when viewing a near object?

A

Shape of lens is short + fat as light rays are diverging.
Ciliary muscles contract, causing suspenseful muscles to slacken.
Light rays focus on fovea (retina).

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8
Q

In order what are the parts of the eye that light must pass through?

A

Light ray > conjunctiva > cornea > aqueous humour > pupil > lens > vitreous humour > retina

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9
Q

What is the effect of bright light on the pupil and eye?

A

Pupil gets smaller, letting less light enter the eye.

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10
Q

What is the effect of low light levels on the pupil and eye?

A

Pupil gets larger, letting more light enter the eye.

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11
Q

How are the different structures of the neurone adapted to their function?

A

Nucleus - contains nucleus in cell body. Controls neurone’s activities.
Axon - long. Transmits electrical impulses over long distances.
Myelin sheath - fatty layer insulating axon. Enables neurone to transmit impulses faster.
Branched ends (dendrites) - makes connections with many other nerve cells.

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12
Q

What does voluntary action involve?

A

Conscious thought (the brain), not as fast as reflex actions.

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13
Q

What does reflex action involve?

A

Reflex arc.
Not include thinking time.
Usually means of protection for body.

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14
Q

Why is the reflex arc so rapid?

A

Pathway is short.
Minimum number of neurones involved.
Relatively few gaps (synapses).
Brain (conscious control) to involved - except in pupil reflex.

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15
Q

What are the stages of the reflex arc?

A

Receptor (stimulus) > Sensory neurone (cell body at side of axon) > Association neurone (grey matter of spinal cord) > Motor neurone > Effector (response, i.e. muscle contraction or hormone production by gland)

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16
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Thin transparent protective outer covering (prevents microorganisms entering the eye).

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17
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Transparent front part of eye that allows light to enter eye; causes some refraction (bending).

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18
Q

What is the aqueous humour?

A

Clear fluid found in the front of the eye, provides support to eye and allows light to pass through to the retina.

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19
Q

What is the iris?

A

Controls how much light enters the eye.

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20
Q

What is the pupil?

A

Space in iris through which light passes.

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21
Q

What is the lens?

A

Refracts (bends) light.

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22
Q

What is the vitreous humour?

A

Clear fluid found in the back of the eye between the lens and the retina, provides support to the eye and allows light to pass through to the retina.

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23
Q

What is the retina?

A

Inner coat of eye where light-sensitive cells are found.

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24
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

Contains neurones carrying nerve impulses from the light sensitive cells in the retina to the brain.

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25
Q

What are the light-sensitive cells found in the retina?

A

Rods and cones.

26
Q

What are the functions of roses and cones?

A

When fairly dark, rod cells work to allow us to see but not recognise colours, i.e. black and white.

When bright light, cones work and respond to different wavelengths of light which allows us to see in colour.

27
Q

Where are rides and cones found in the retina?

A

Concentrated in small depression at back of eye known as the fovea.

28
Q

What is an effector?

A

Muscle or gland that responds to a stimulus.

29
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Groups of specialised cells that detect a change in environment (stimulus) and stimulate electrical impulses in response.

30
Q

What are synapses?

A

Gaps between neurones which function as junctions.

31
Q

How does a nerve impulse pass across a synapses?

A

Nerve impulse arrives at end of neurone, triggers release of transmitter molecules from synapse vesicles. The transmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft and when concentration is high enough, binds with receptors on next neurone. This triggers another impulse.

32
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment.

33
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers which are produced by special glands and released into the blood to travel to target organs where they have their effect.

34
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Control of the amount of water in the blood.

35
Q

What is the level of blood glucose in the body affected by?

A

Eating causes rise.
Vigorous exercise causes fall.

36
Q

What organ monitors blood glucose levels?

A

The pancreas.

37
Q

What happens if the blood glucose levels are too high?

A

Pancreas releases the hormone insulin. This travels to liver or muscles through blood and causes an increase in glucose uptake of the liver or muscles. This glucose is then either converted to glycogen and stored in the liver, or used to increase the rate of cellular respiration in the mitochondria of the cells.

38
Q

What is the cycle of blood glucose levels?

A

Normal concentration > Meal rich in carbohydrates > Rise in concentration > Pancreas produces insulin > Fall in concentration (absorbed mostly by liver, converted to glycogen or repaired) > Back to start

39
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Some people that are unable to regulate blood glucose concentration levels as their pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin.

Lack of insulin means blood glucose levels can rise dangerously high after eating, cause cell damage.

40
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

A

Glucose in urine as levels so high that filters out by kidneys into urine.
Thirst, need to go to toilet a lot due to this.
Lethargy.
Increased hunger.

41
Q

What are later symptoms of diabetes?

A

Vomiting.
Abdominal pain.

42
Q

What are long-term effects of diabetes?

A

Eye damage.
Kidney failure.
Heart disease.
Strokes.

If untreated can lead to coma and death.
Due to high levels damaging capillaries that supply part of body involved.

43
Q

How is diabetes treated?

A

Inject insulin before eating to keep blood glucose at safe level.
Eating small amounts at regular intervals, eating less sugar.
Lots of exercise.

44
Q

What are the two types of diabetes?

A

Type 1 and Type 2.

45
Q

When is Type 1 diabetes developed?

A

Normally develops in childhood.

46
Q

When is Type 2 diabetes developed?

A

Usually only develops in older people, it becoming increasingly common in young people.

47
Q

What are the two main roles of the kidneys in the body?

A
  1. Excretion of waste products.
  2. Osmoregulation
48
Q

What is excretion?

A

Removal of waste products from body, e.g. carbon dioxide during breathing and urea in the kidneys.

49
Q

What is the process in the kidneys?

A
  1. Reabsorb water (glucose) back into blood.
  2. Happens in cortex.
  3. Wastes (urea) drained into medulla then pelvis, ureter and excreted in urine (bladder).
50
Q

How is the water gained?

A

Drink fluid.
In food.
Respiration.

51
Q

How is the water lost?

A

Sweat.
Breathing out.
Urine/faeces.

52
Q

How can the balance of water be changed?

A

Through exercise/sweating.

53
Q

What is the hormone that controls the reabsorption of water into the blood?

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone).

54
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

In the brain.
Brain monitors blood water concentration.
ADH released into blood.
Target hormone is kidney.

55
Q

What happens when you drink a lot of water?

A
  1. Blood water concentration increases.
  2. Brain produces less ADH.
  3. Less water reabsorbed in kidneys.
  4. Large volume of dilute urine produced.
56
Q

What happens when you do a lot of exercise/sweat more/hot day?

A
  1. Blood water concentration drecreases.
  2. Brain produces more ADH.
  3. More water reabsorbed in kidneys.
  4. Less, more concentrated urine produced.
57
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Response of plant to grow towards light.

58
Q

What hormone causes phototropism to take place?

A

Auxin.

59
Q

What is the process of phototropism?

A
  1. Auxin is produced at tip of plant.
  2. It diffuses down plant and accumulates on non-illuminated side.
  3. Causes cells on non-illuminated side to grow by elongation more than normal rate.
  4. Cells on illuminated side of plant grow at normal rate.
  5. Causes stem to bend towards light.
60
Q

What are the benefits of phototropism?

A

Plant receives more light, increases rate of photosynthesis so more food is produced for plant, meaning plant grows at faster rate.

61
Q

What is unilateral light?

A

Light coming from one side only.

Biology (7 decks)

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