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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the life processes in Mrs Grent?

A

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
Transport

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2
Q

What organelles are found in animal cells?

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria

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3
Q

What are the organelles found in plant cells?

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cellulose cell wall
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Permanent vacuole

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4
Q

What are the organelles found in bacteria cells?

A

Non-cellulose cell wall
Plasmid

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5
Q

What is the function nucleus?

A

Contains genetic info in form of chromosomes.

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6
Q

What is the function of the nuclear membrane?

A

Surrounds nucleus.

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7
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls entry and exit of substances.

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Rigid structure providing structural integrity - fully permeable.

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9
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Site of chemical reactions, jelly-like fluid.

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10
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll (green pigment).

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11
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Storage of salts and sugars, provides turgor (pressure).

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12
Q

What is the function of the plasmid?

A

Rings of DNA.

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13
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion.

A

Site of respiration (energy production), pl. mitochondria.

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14
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Length of image divide by actual length x magnification

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15
Q

How well can light microscopes resolve detail in an image?

A

Resolve detail 0.2 micrometer apart.
Magnification of x1500.
Enough to see larger cell structures.

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16
Q

How well can an electron microscope resolve detail in an image?

A

Show detail 1/10000 micrometers apart.
Magnification of x500000.
Show detail of large molecules and structure inside cells.

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17
Q

What is resolution?

A

Ability of microscope to distinguish detail in image.

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18
Q

What is magnification?

A

Number times length of image larger than actual length of image.

19
Q

What is an electron microscope?

A

Uses beam of electrons instead of light, allows greater detail of cells to be visible.
Has higher resolution.
250 times higher resolving power than light microscope.

20
Q

What are the disadvantages of electron microscopes?

A

Large.
Very expensive.
Require special lab.
Tissue dies during preparation for observation.

21
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Random movement of molecules from area of high concentration to area of low concentration, down concentration gradient.

22
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Difference in concentration - larger the difference, faster the diffusion.
Temperature - higher temp increases kinetic energy of molecules, making move faster and increasing rate of diffusion.
Surface area - larger surface area through which diffusion takes place, faster diffusion occurs.

23
Q

What is surface area to volume ratio?

A

Amount of surface area per unit volume of object or organism.

24
Q

How does surface area to volume ration affect organisms?

A

As organism increases in size, surface area to volume ratio decreases.
Humans unable to efficiently exchange substances with environment.
Have specialised exchange organs to aid faster diffusion.
Have various levels of organisation.

25
Q

What are the levels of organisation?

A

Cells > tissue > organ > organ system > organism

26
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

Cell structure which best adapts cells to carry out specialised function developed from multi-called organism.

27
Q

How are palisade cells adapted to their function?

A

Contain lots of chloroplasts to increase rate of photosynthesis.

28
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to their function?

A

Large surface area to increase rate of absorption.

29
Q

How are ciliates epithelial cells adapted to their function?

A

Move substances through airways in one direction by cilia.

30
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their function?

A

Bi-concave to transport oxygen throughout body in bloodstream.

31
Q

How are sperm cells adapted to their function?

A

Tail to help move.
Nucleus in head to fertilise egg.
Acrosome to help penetrate egg.

32
Q

What is a cell?

A

Basic building block in structure and function of living things.

33
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Group of similar cells adapted for particular function.

34
Q

What is an organ?

A

Structure made of several types of tissue that carried out particular function.

35
Q

Examples of organs in humans and plants.

A

Heart - muscle, nerve and blood tissue = pumps blood around body.
Leaf - xylom, phloem, palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll = carry out photosynthesis.

36
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Organs operate together to carry out particular function.

37
Q

Example of an organ system.

A

Nerve system - brain, spinal cord, eyes and receptors.

38
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Simple cell, has ability to divide to form cells of Sam type.

39
Q

Where are stem cells harvested from humans?

A

Umbilical cord and bone marrow.
Embryonic stem cells.

Change permanently at early stage into specialised cells.

40
Q

Where are stem cells harvested from plants?

A

Meristems.

Retain ability to divide to form specialised cells.

41
Q

Using stem cells in medicine has what?

A

Potential benefits- bone marrow transplants in treating leukaemia.
Potential risks - ethical implications, pre-treatment using radiotherapy or chemotherapy, transfer of viruses or diseases from animals, formation of tumours or development of unwanted cell types.

42
Q

What type of specialised cells do bone marrow stem cells form?

A

Different types of blood cell.

43
Q

What type of specialised cells do embryonic stem cell form?

A

Full range of stem cells.

44
Q

Wha this peer review?

A

Scientific research checked by other scientists, at least equal standing.
Often provide advice, research improved upon.

Biology (7 decks)

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