Respiration

Question 1

Glycolysis

Answer 1

where? cytoplasm
10 step biochemical pathway:

2 stages:
1- investment phase; glucose uses ATP to form two 3 carbon sugar phosphates through chemical reactions via enzymes.
2- pay off phase; 2 NADH produced by reduction of NAD+
Net of 2 ATP produced due to substrate level phosphorylation.
NADH and ATP.
2 molecules of pyruvate are produced.

Question 2

glycolysis summary

Answer 2

• 10 step biochemical pathway
  -2 NADH produced by the reduction of NAD+
  -net production of 2 atp via substrate level phosphorylation.
• 2 molecules of pyruvate produced

Question 3

lactose intolerance

Answer 3

efficiency in lactose enzyme.
lactose can be converted from galactose to glucose.
lactose remains undigested in gut and ferments resulting in gas, bloating, diarrhoea etc.

Question 4

how is NADH recycled back to NAD+

Answer 4

aerobic - when oxygen is present NADH is oxidised to NAD+

anaerobic- when oxygen is not present lactic acid is produced as final electron acceptor. uses enzyme lactate dehydrogenase to oxidise NADH TO NAD+.

Question 5

cori cycle.

Answer 5

lactate produces during anaerobic respiration converted back to glucose in the liver.
requires ATP
glucose is then supplied back to muscle if not then stored as glycogen.

Question 6

gluconeogenesis

Answer 6

occurs in the liver where pyruvate is converted back to glucose.

Question 7

pyruvate oxidisation

Answer 7

mitochondrial inter membrane space.
step after glycolysis
pyruvate oxidised to acetyl CoA in the presence of oxygen.
produces 2 NADH.

Question 8

krebs cycle/citric acid cycle

Answer 8

mitochondrial matrix
2 ATP
2 FADH+
6 NADH

Question 9

electron transport chain

Answer 9

ATP synthate pumps all the electrons, ADP and all energy back into cell that was pumped out of cell to make lots of ATP. makes 26 ATPs

Question 10

total amount of ATP 1 breakdown of glucose makes

Answer 10

30

Question 11

metabolism of glucose

Answer 11

glycolysis - 2 ATP
Citric acid cycle - 2 ATP
Electron transport chain - 26 ATP

Question 12

glucose
C6H12O6

Answer 12

stored: glycogen/starch. longer term as fat cells.

catabolism of glucose provides ATP.

fuel → (^catabolism) CO2 + H2O + useful energy

Question 13

cellular respiration

Answer 13

break down of glucose to provide ATP. involves the breaking of bonds and transport of electrons.

glucose + oxygen → CO2 + H2O + useful energy

Question 14

oxidation

Answer 14

loss of electrons
removing of H
adding of O
exogenic - releases energy

Question 15

reduction

Answer 15

gain of electrons
adding of h
removing of O
endogenic - stores energy

Question 16

NAD
FAD

Answer 16

electron carriers which do not change the PH unlike H does.
harvested from diet
when glucose is broken down they carry the energy from electrons.

Question 17

NAD

Answer 17

co enzyme
regulated activity of electron/enzyme
NAD+ oxidised form.
NAD+ can accept two electrons from two hydrogen atoms to be reduces to NADH where one hydrogen is transferred as hydrogen ion (H-) and the other is liberated in solution.

NAD+ + 2H+ + 2E- → NADH + H+

Question 18

FAD

Answer 18

accept two hydrogen and two electrons to be reduced to FADH2.

Question 19

ATP

Answer 19

hydrolysis of ATP provides energy
removal of phosphate group provides energy for it to then become ADP then AMP when another phosphate group is cut off.

Question 20

4 stages of respiration

Answer 20

glycolysis
pyruvate processing
citric acid cycle
transport chain

Question 21

glucose

Answer 21

C6H12O6
stored as glycogen/starch but as fat for long term.
catabolism of glucose provides atp

Question 22

Lactic acid

Answer 22

lactic acid is formed by the reduction of pyruvate.
lactic acid is converted back to glucose using the cori cycle.