Anatomy

Question 1

Basic functions of the body

Answer 1

responsiveness
movement
reproduction
metabolism
growth
differentiation

Question 1

levels of organisation of anatomy + physiology

Answer 1

chemical level e.g. atoms
cellular level e.g. smooth muscle cells
tissue level e.g. smooth muscle tissue
organ level e.g. stomach
circulatory level e.g. digestive system

Question 2

intergumentary system

Answer 2

skin, nails, sweat, oils, hair.
functions: regulates body temp. protects body. eliminates some waste. helps make vitamin D. detects sensations.

Question 3

skeletal system

Answer 3

bones, joints, associated cartilages.
functions: supports + protects body.
provides specific area for muscle attachment. helps with body movement. stores cells that produce blood cells, minerals and lipids.

Question 4

muscular system

Answer 4

specifically refers to skeletal muscle tissue (muscle attached to the bone)
other muscles also include: smooth + cardiac muscles
functions: body movemnet, maintaining posture, produces heat.

Question 5

organ system

Answer 5

brain, spinal cord, nerves + special organs e.g. eyes and ears
functions: regulates body by nerve impulses which detect changes in environment. interprets change, responds to it by brining muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

Question 6

endocrine system

Answer 6

all glands + tissues that produce hormones.
functions: regulates body activities through hormones transported to blood by various target organs.

Question 7

cardiovascular system

Answer 7

components: blood, heart + blood vessels.
functions: heart pump sblood throigh blood vessels. blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells. blood helps regulate: acidity, temp, water content of body fluids. blood omponents help fight gaainst disease and meng damaged blood vessels. blood keeps away co2 and waste away from cells.

Question 8

lymphatic system and immunity components

Answer 8

components: lymphatic fluid (lymph) and vessels. spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils. cells that carry out immune responses, b cells and t cells and others.
functions: returns proteins and fluids to the blood. carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood. contains sites of maturation and proliferation of the T and C bells that protect against disease causing microbes.

Question 9

respiratory system

Answer 9

components: lungs and air passageways (pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes leading into and out of them)
functions: transfers oxygen from inhales hair into the blood, transfers CO2 from blood to exhaled air. helps regulate acidity of body fluids. air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.

Question 10

digestive system

Answer 10

organs of gastorintestinal tract include: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum and anus. accessory digestive organs: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
functions: physical and chemical breakdown of food. abosrobs nutrients and eliminates solid waste.

Question 11

urinary system

Answer 11

components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
functions: produces, stores and aliminates urine. eliminates waste, regulates volume and chemical composiiton of the blood. helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids and red blood cell productions. maintains body mineral balance.

Question 12

reproductive system

Answer 12

components: gonads and associated organs: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina and mammary glands in females
epididymis, ductus (vas), deferens, and penis in males.
functions: gonads produce gametes (sperm or ococytes) that unite to form a new organism and release hormones that regulate reproduction and other bosy processes. associated organs transport and store gametes.mammary glands produce milk.

Question 13

anatomical position

Answer 13

body upright
feet flat
head and eyes facing forwards

Question 14

supine position

Answer 14

body is lying down with face facing up

Question 15

prone position

Answer 15

body is lying down with face down.

Question 16

common directional terms

Answer 16

anterior - nerarer to the fornt of the body
posterior - nearer to the back of the body
superior - towards the head
inferior - away from the head
proximal - nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
distal - farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
lateral - farther from the midline
medial - nearer to the midline

Question 17

body cavities

Answer 17

cranial (brain), vertebral (spinal cord), thoracic (chest acitivity), abdominal and pelvic.

Question 18

serous membranes

Answer 18

located in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
functions: protect organs and reduce friction.
layers: visceral layer covers organs, parietal layer lines cavity.
pleural (covers lungs, lines thorax)
pericardial (covers heart, lines central part of thorax)
peritoneal (covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity)

Question 19

what are the spaces in the body which help protect, seperate and support internal organs?

Answer 19

cranial cavity
thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity.

Question 20

cranial cavity

Answer 20

formed by cranial bones, protects the brain. contains meninges (layers of protective tissue that line the cranical cavity and the vertebral canal)

Question 21

vertebral canal

Answer 21

formed by bones of the vertebral column, contains the spinal cord. (layers of protective tissue that line the cranical cavity and the vertebral canal)

Question 22

thoracic cavity

Answer 22

formed by: ribs, muscles of chest, sternum (breastbone), vertebral column (thoracic portion)
within the thoracic cavity: pericardial cavity, a fluid filled space that sorround the heart. pleural cavity, two fluid filled spaces that sorround each lung.

Question 23

abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 23

diaphragm to groin
encircles by abdominal wall, bones + muscle of the pelvis
divided into two portions: abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.

Question 24

what does the abdominal cavity include?

Answer 24

stomach
spleen
liver
gallbladder
small and large intestine

Question 25

what does the pelvic cavity include

Answer 25

internal organs of the reproductive system
urinary bladder
portions of the large intestine

Question 26

pleura

Answer 26

to do with lungs
visceral pleura - clings to the surface of the lungs
parietal pleura - lines the chest wall.

Question 27

pericardium

Answer 27

to do with the heart
visceral cardium - covers the heart
parietal cardium - lines the chest wall

Question 28

peritoneum

Answer 28

to do with the abdominal cavity
visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal organs
perital peritoneum covers the abdominal wall.

Question 29

subdivisions of the thoracic cavity

Answer 29

pleural cavity

perdicardial cavity - pericardium is the name of the serous membrane.

medisatinum - central part of thoracic cavity between lungs. extends from sternum to vertebral column and from neck to diaphragm. contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea and several large blood vessels.

Question 30

subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 30

abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity

Question 31

9 regions of the abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 31

Right hypochondriac – right portion of the liver, the gallbladder, the right kidney, and
parts of the small intestine
 Left hypochondriac – part of the spleen, the left kidney, part of the stomach, the
pancreas, and parts of the colon
 Epigastric – majority of the stomach, part of the liver, part of the pancreas, part of the
duodenum, part of the spleen, and the adrenal glands
 Hypogastric (pubic) – bladder, part of the sigmoid colon, the anus, and many organs of
the reproductive system, such as the uterus and ovaries in females and the prostate in
males
 Right lumbar – gallbladder, the left kidney, part of the liver, and the ascending colon
 Left lumbar – descending colon, the left kidney, and part of the spleen
 Right iliac – appendix, cecum, and the right iliac fossa
 Left iliac – descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the left iliac fossa
 Umbilical – umbilicus (navel), and many parts of the small intestine, such as part of the
duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. It also contains the transverse colon (the
section between the ascending and descending colons) and the bottom portions of both
the left and right kidney

Question 32

other cavities

Answer 32

Oral (mouth) cavity
– Tongue and teeth
 Nasal cavity
– nose
 Orbital cavities
– eyeball
 Middle ear cavities
– Small bones of the
middle ear
 Synovial cavities
– Joints