Respiration Flashcards
What is the pathway of air
Nasal sinus, pharynx, Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
What does the nasal sinus do
Takes in air, moistens, warms, filters with mucus, hairs. Releases histamines
What does the pharynx do
Passage of air
Has epiglottis which prevents air from entering esophagus, and food/drink from entering trachea
What does the larynx do
Contains the vocal cords and voice box
What are vocal cords
2 tendons that allow control of pitched vocalizations
Name one animal that can breath
The wandering albatross
What are the four structures of the bronchial tree
The trachea
The bronchi
The bronchioles
The alveoli
Describe the trachea
Functions as the wind pipe
Has cartilaginous ridges which keep it tube shaped
Lined with mucus from goblet cells and cilia which trap debris and sweep it out
Describe the bronchi
Two major divisions of the trachea leading to lungs
Has cartilage rings, mucus, and cilia
Divides into many bronchioles
Describe bronchioles
Smaller branches of air tube
Line with mucus, cilia until smallest branches
Cartilage rings keep shape
Ends in an air pocket sac called alveoli
Describe alveoli
Saclike structure that are the air sacs of a lung
Has 1 cell thick walls
Highly vascular and covered in capillaries
Covered in surfactant (a lipoprotein)
Does gas exchange
Describe the diaphragm
A sheet of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
When relaxed it is in a dome shape
Contracts into a flattened shape after impulses form the medulla oblongata
Describe ribs
Bones hinged to the vertebral column and sternum which, with intercostal muscles define the top and sides of chest cavity
Describe the pleural membrane
4 membranes that enclose the lungs
Outer sticks closely to walls or chest and diaphragm
Inner stick to lungs
Lie very close to each other
Pressure between two is less than outside air pressure or lungs collapse
Stick lungs to cavity walls
Lubricated from pleural fluid
What happens if the pleural membrane is punctured
The lung collapses
Describe the thoracic cavity
The chest cavity
Seals off chest (where lungs are)
Side and top from ribs
Bottom from diaphragm
Used in inspiration and expiration
Describe mucus
A material produced by goblet cells in the respiratory tract that traps bacteria and dust particles
Describe to be cilia
Little (hair like) features of cells that sweep mucus in the respiratory tract upwards to help clean it. Mucus is coughed out and swallowed
What can kill cilia
Smoking and vaping
How many alveoli do the average person have
700,000 In a human lung
40-50x the surface of the skin
What do alveoli do
Diffuse co2 and o2 across there walls, then again across capillaries into blood
Gases cross two 1 cell thick walls
What is surfactant
A lipoprotein that lowers surface tension (which helps gas diffusion) and prevent lung collapse
What nerves are related to alveoli
Stretch receptions that send a signal to the brain through the vagus nerve when the alveoli are full
What is tidal volume
The amount of air In the lungs after a typical inhale, 1.5L
What is breathing
Something wandering albatross do
What are the two parts of breathing
Inspiration (air in)
Expiration (air out)
Describe inspiration
An active process in which the diaphragm contracts (flattens), ribs contract (pull up and out)
This expands the thoracic cavity (which raises volume and lowers pressure) causing air to be sucked in
Describe expiration
A passive process where the diaphragm relaxes (raises) and the ribs relax (move down and in)
The thoracic cavity relaxes (so the volume decreases and pressure increases) and air is forced out
What is the primary stimulus of breathing
High CO2 and H+ ions in the blood
What is the secondary stimulus to breath
Low O2 in the blood
What monitors CO2 levels In the blood
The medulla oblongata (respiratory centre of the brain) monitors CO2 and H+ levels in the blood and causes the urge to breath when they are high
What monitors O2 level in the blood
The chemo reception in the carotid artery and aorta register low O2 and alter rate and depth of breathing
What series of nerves causes inspiration
High CO2 stimulates the breathing centre of the brain, which stimulates the diaphragm and intercostal muscles through the phrenic nerve and intercostal nerve respectively
What cause the stimulus for expiration
When lungs are filled stretch receptors in the alveoli send messages through the vagus nerve to the breathing centre which shut down signals to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, causing them to relax
What is HbO2
Oxyhemoglobin
What is Hb
Deoxyhemoglobin
What is HHb
Reduced hemoglobin (H ion attached)
What is HbCO2
Carbaminohemoglobin
What is H2CO3
Carbonic acid
What is HCO3-
Bicarbonate ion
What is PO2 and PCO2
Partial pressure of O2/CO2
What is the exchange in internal gas exchange between
CO2 and O2 exchanged between body tissues (cells) and blood
What happens to oxygen at internal gas exchange
Hb02 -> Hb + O2
O2 diffuses into cells from blood due to difference in partial pressure
What are the three ways (+ percentages) that CO2 is carried
Bicarbonate ion dissolved In plasma (70%)
HbCO2 (carbamino hemoglobin) 20%
CO2 dissolved in blood 10%
What reactions lead to bicarbonate ions
CO2 + H2O (products of cell respiration) —> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) —> H+ (becomes reduced hemoglobin (HHb) which acts as a buffer) and HCO3 (bicarbonate in plasma)
What enzyme helps make bicarbonate
Carbonic anhydrase
What reaction converts bicarbonate ions to CO2 at external gas exchange
H+ and HCO3- —> H2CO3 —> H2O and CO2
How is oxygen carried in blood
Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
What are the relative Phs and temps at the lungs and tissues for hemoglobin to accept/give up O2
Cooler neutral at lungs
Warmer acid at tissues
What process allows gas exchange
Diffuse
Difference in gas concentration/partial pressure causes
O2 (air -> blood) (blood -> cells)
CO2 (cells -> blood) (blood -> air)
What is asthma
A disease of the bronchi and bronchioles that is marked by wheezing, breathlessness, and sometimes coughing / coughing up mucus.
What are asthmatic airways unusually sensitive too
Specific irritants like pollen, animal dander, dust, cigarette smoke, industrial fumes, cold air
What happens when an asthmatic air way is exposed to an irritant
The smooth muscles in the bronchioles undergoes spasms
What do most people with asthma have to some degree
Bronchial inflammation that reduces the diameter of airways and contributes to the seriousness of an attack
What can help treat asthma
Beta-agonists dilate the bronchioles
Corticosteroids can help control the inflammation and prevent an attack
Give an example of an animal without lungs
Pseudoceros dimidiatus
What is pheobastria immutabilis
The Laysan albatross
What is Phoebastria albatrus
The short tailed albatross
What is Thalassarche chlororhynchos
The Atlantic yellow nosed albatross
