Circulation Flashcards
Describe arteries
Large vessels that carry blood away from the heart
They have thick elastic walls that can stretch
They are surrounded by smooth muscle which can control size
Describe arterioles
Vessels, smaller than arteries
Mostly smooth muscle which gives them a lot of control
Describe capillaries
Microscopic, thin walled vessels which are present all over body in beds or networks
Facilitate nutrient, gas, and waste exchange
Allow one cell through at a time
What is often between capillary beds and arterioles
Sphincters which control flow of blood into the entire capillary bed
describe venules
Vessels, smaller than veins, that drain blood from capillary beds and start taking it towards the heart
describe veins
vessels, larger thane venules, that bring blood back to the heart.
they have valves which prevent back flow and are surrounded by skeletal muscles to contract and apply pressure forcing the blood against gravity. Thinner walls than arteries
what is the secondary role of veins
they act as a blood reservoir and often store more than 50% of the body’s blood
what takes blood to the head
the carotid artery
what takes blood from the head
the jugular vein
what takes blood to the spleen
the splenic artery
what takes blood from the spleen
the splenic vein
what takes blood to the arms
the subclavian artery
what takes blood from the arms
the subclavian vein
what takes blood to the lungs
the pulmonary artery
what takes blood from the lungs
the pulmonary vein
what takes blood to the intestines
the mesenteric artery
what takes blood from the intestines
the hepatic portal vein
what takes blood to the liver
the hepatic portal vein
what takes blood from the liver
the hepatic vein
what takes blood to the kidneys
the renal artery
what takes blood from the kidneys
the renal vein
what takes blood to the upper legs/hip
the iliac artery
what artery does the iliac artery connect to
the femoral artery
what takes blood to the lower legs
the femoral artery
takes blood up the leg
the femoral vein
what does the femoral vein lead into
the iliac vein
what takes blood from the upper leg/hips
the iliac vein
what takes blood to the gonads
the genital artery
what takes blood from the gonads
the genital vein
what takes blood to the stomach
the gastric artery
what are the two parts of the mesentery artery
anterior and posterior mesentery arteries
What are the two main circulation paths in the human body
Pulmonary circulation
and
Systemic circulation
What is pulmonary circulation
the right ventricle of the heart pumping deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. In the lungs it is oxygenated in the capillaries of the alveoli. oxygenated blood then returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein into the left atrium
What is the site of gas exchange in the lungs
the alveoli
what is systemic circulation
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta, which leads into many blood vessels to the rest of the body. It then returns to the heart via two main veins, the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium
how many blood cells are in the human body
at least 2
what drains into each vena cava
the head and upper body drains into the superior (anterior) vena cava, while the lower body drains into the inferior (posterior) vena cava
What are the three sections of pulmonary circulation (excluding heart)
pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the lungs
the lungs which facilitate gas exchange in the capillary system
the pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
what vessels have which type of blood in the systemic circulation
the vessels leaving the heart have oxygenated blood
the vessels returning to the heart have deoxygenated blood
what is the main difference in adult-fetal circulation
the fetus receives O2 blood from the placenta, and it does not use the lungs of the child.
what are the four features not present in the adult
the oval opening or foramen ovale
the arterial duct or ductus arteriosus
the umbilical arteries and veins
the venous duct or ductos venosus
what is the foramen ovale
an opening between the L. and R. atria
covered by a flap that acts as a valve
blood from the R. atrium is shunted into the L. atrium instead of R. Ventricle
reroutes blood away from the pulmonary (lungs) to the systemic (body) system
what can happen to the foramen ovale after birth
normally it will close, if not there will be a hole in the heart
What is the ductus arteriosus
a connection between the pulmonary artery and aorta
reroutes the blood away from the lungs to the aorta
acts like a shunt to allow blood to bypass lungs
What are the umbilical arteries and veins
two arteries travel towards the placenta (away from the fetal heart) with low O2 and waste, veins travel towards the fetus with blood rich in O2 and nutrients
What is the ductos venosus
a connection between the umbilical vein and the vena cava (via liver)
the umbilical vein carries O2 blood which mixes with unO2 blood in the vena cava. So the fetus is susceptible to toxins and germs as liver function is initially bypassed
what happens to the 4 fetal circulation features after birth
they atrophy and the system becomes like the adults
What is the composition of blood
55% Plasm (H2O and dissolved organic and inorganic substances)
45% cells or formed elements (red blood cells, which blood cells, and platelets
What is the fluid component of blood
water which is absorbed by the large intestine
what are the 3 main types of proteins in plasm
albumen which helps osmotic balance and pH Buffering (liver)
Fibrinogen which helps blood clotting (liver)
Immunoglobulins which help antibodies (lymphocytes)
what gases are in plasm
O2 and CO2 from the lungs and tissue
what nutrients are in plasm
fats, glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, from intestines
what salts are in plasm
Na+, K+, NaHCO3-, etc, from the intestines
what wastes are in plasm
Urea, ammonia, and others from body cells
what hormones are in plasm
thyroxin, adrenalin, etc from endocrine glands
where do vitamins come from in plasm
the intestines
what is plasm made of
water, proteins, gases, nutrients, salts, wastes, hormones, and vitamines
what are the essential functions of the lymphatic system
it takes up excessive tissue fluid
it transports fatty acids from the intestines
it helps fight infection (lymphocytes)
what is tissue fluid also called
interstitial fluid
what are lymph vessels
lymph capillaries which take up cell fluids
lymph veins which have valves to prevent back flow
the fluid (lymph) travels through the system to reenter the circulatory system through the right and left subclavian veins (from arms)w
What are lacteals
blind ends of the lymphatic system which is found in the villi of intestines and absorbs fats
what are lymphatic nodes
small ovoid/roudn structures
produce lymphocytes (types of white blood cell) these fight infection by production antibodies which combine with, and deactivate foreign proteins
also filter and trap bacteria
what are the 5 lymphoid organs
tonsils
appendix
spleen
thymus gland
and red bone marrow
all fight infection and contain lymphocytes
what are red blood cells also called
erythrocytes
what is the structure of red blood cells
small, biconcave disks with no nuclei, contain hemoglobin which can bind to 4 O2
passes through several development stages in which they loose nucleus and gain hemoglobin
what produces red blood cells
red blood marrow
what influences RBC count
the O2 tension in the air, which is why athletes train at high altitudes and why blood doping exists
what is blood doping
taking blood with a higher RBC count, from a donor, stored version of own blood, or synthetic
what do red blood cells do
transport O2 and CO2
what happens to the heme part of RBCs
it is turned to bile pigments in the liver, iron is reused
what are white blood cells called
leucocytes
what is the structure/abundance of WBC
larger than RBC, usually variations of ameboid shapes, several kinds of
fewer in number
What is the overall function of WBCs
Overall inflammatory, infection, fighting, allergy, and immune response
What is the pneumonic for remembering the order of abundance for WBC
Never (Neutrophils)
Let (Lymphocytes)
Monkeys (Monocytes)
Eat (Eosinophils)
Bananas (basophils)
What are neutrophils
55-70% of WBCs
Granules In cytoplasm
Polymorphonuclear (many lobed nucleus)
Produced in bone marrow
Phagocytic
What are lymphocytes
20-30% of WBCs
No granules in cytoplasm
Mononuclear
Mature In lymph tissue, thymus gland, spleen, tonsils
Produce antibodies
B and T cells
What is the difference between B and T lymphocytes
Type B mature in bone marrow
Type T mature in the thymus
What are monocytes
2-8% of WBCs
Phagocytes called macrophages, enlarge greatly in size at infections
What are Eosinophils
1-4% of WBCs
Involved in inflammatory and allergic responses
What are Basophils
0.5-1% of WBCs
Release histamines (act as a control in allergy testing)
Involved in inflammatory and allergic responses
What are platelets
Cells bits or fragments called thrombocytes
Fragments of large, bone marrow cells
Produce 200,000,000,000 per day
Involved in blood clotting
What do platelets work with to do what
Work with fibrinogen to form a mesh like structure to clot at a wound or infection site
What is an antigen
A protein identification on the surface of a red blood cell
What is an antibody
Made by the body, is a protein designed to combat a foreign protein
What happens when an antigen and antibody of the same type combine
An inactive complex forms through agglutination ie the clumping of blood
What are the two main types of antigen found on human RBC
A and B
What are the four main blood types
Type A (a antigen)
Type B (b antigen)
Type AB (a and b antigen)
Type O (neither antigen)
What antibodies are in the plasma
The antibodies of the antigens not present on the red blood cells
What is agglutination
When the same antigen and antibody are present in the blood it causes clumping which causes the blood to stop circulation and RBCs to burst
What is the third type of antigen
The Rh antigen
Which 85% of caucasians have
Do Rh- people have Rh antibodies
They don’t normally but can develop them if exposed to Rh antigen
When is the development of Rh antigens important to be aware of
In pregnancies if a Rh- mother has an Rb+ baby. The blood will not normally mix, but can at birth, causing the mother to begin producing Rh antibodies
If the mother becomes pregnant with another Rh+ baby the antibodies in the plasma may cross the placenta and agglutinate in the baby’s blood causing death (erythroblastosis).
How do we prevent erythroblastosis
By destroying the 1st babies Rh+ RBCs in the plasma after the mothers first birth
Done by an injection of Rh immune globulin injection
What type of blood can type A people receive
Type A and Type O
What type of blood can type B people receive
Type B or type O
What type of blood can type AB people receive
A, B, AB, O, they are the universal recipient
What type of blood can type O people receive
Type O blood
What is type O blood know as
The universal donor, since anyone can receive it
What are the two pressures involve in tissue fluid exchange In capillaries
Osmotic pressure and blood pressure
What are the two pressure at the arterial end of capillary beds, what is the result
The blood pressure (~40mm Hg) is higher than the osmotic pressure (~25mm Hg) causing the water (plasma) to be forced into the surrounding tissue. Cells and proteins are too big
What are the two pressure at the venule end of capillary beds, what is the result
The blood pressure (~10mm Hg) is less than osmotic pressure (25mm Hg) so H2O is pulled back into the blood vessels, though since osmosis is slow, some fluids are left to be picked up by the lymph system
what is andrewsarchus, how does it occur
Andrewsarchus is an extinct genus of mammal that lived during the Middle Eocene in China. It contains two species, A. mongoliensis and A. crassum
It occurs due to evolution
What happens in the capillaries
Oxygen, sugar, and amino acids diffuse into the tissue to be used up. CO2 and waste molecules produced in the tissue diffuse back into the blood
In what order do the right and left, atria and ventricles contract
the left and right side beat in synchronization
Both atrium contact, then the ventricles contract
how is the heart beat controlled
the heartbeat is independent and can beat without nervous stimulation. It is intrinsically controlled
What are the two nodes of the heart
the two nodes (combination of muscles and nervous tissue) are the S-A (Sino articular) node and the A-V (atrio ventricular) node
What is the Sino atricular node
a node on the upper right atrium
also called the pacemaker
initiates the heartbeat, sends out a single every 0.85 seconds and causes the atria to contract
what is the other word for the atria or ventricle to contract
systole
what is the other word for the atria or ventricle to relax
diastole
what is the atria ventricular node
a node on the lower right atrium that receives a signal from the S-A node and causes the ventricles to contract, after a slight delay
what does the A-V node sends singles through
it sends a single through a bundle of His to the the purkinje fibres causing the ventricles to contract from the bottom upwards
what controls the heart rate
the heart rate is extrinsically controlled by the nervous system. The medulla oblongata controls the pulse rate via the autonomic nervous system
what speeds up or slows down the heart rate
the sympathetic nerves can speed up the heartbeat in time of fight or flight, and the parasympathetic nerves can slow it down during rest and digesting times
what is systole
the contraction of the ventricles
pumping action
causes the highest blood pressure
what is diastole
the relaxation of the ventricles
chambers refilling
lowest blood pressure
what is standard blood pressure
120 / 80 in the brachial artery of the arm
systole = 120
diastole = 80
how is blood pressure given
systole / diastole , varies throughout the body
what is hypertension
blood pressure is higher than normal
might indicate cardiovascular disease
ex 150/100
what is hypotension
when blood pressure is lower than expected
ex 100/60
can lead to dizziness, stroke, fainting, cardiac diseases
what factors can lead to hyper tension
sympathetic nerve activation
inc. Na+ by kidneys or diet
arterioles constricting
atherosclerosis (soft masses of fatty materials, beneath arterial lining)
where is the blood pressure and velocity highest
in the arteries
what happens to blood pressure and velocity in the arterioles
it decreases slightly
where is blood velocity the lowest
in the capillaries
what is the trend of blood velocity in the venules and veins
it increases slowly, still less than arterioles
what is highest in the capillaries
the total cross sectional area
what happens in the capillaries->veins for blood pressure
continues to go down gradually
where is total cross-sectional area lowest
in the veins and arteries
what is the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles and venules
lower than the capillaries but higher than veins/arteries
what is happening to blood pressure and velocity in the arterioles and arteries
it fluctuates due to the heart beat
what is atherosclerosis
an accumulation of soft masses of fatty material, like cholesterol, beneath inner linings of arteries. they protrude and interfere with blood flow and increases blood pressure
what is atheriosclerosis
the presence of a hard plaque on the the artery walls that causes blood to form clots.
what is a thrombus
when a clot stays in the artery and blocks blood flow
what is an embolus
an embolus occurs if the clot moves. an embolus causes an embolism which stops and blocks off a smaller blood vessel.
what can an embolism cause
a heart attack if in the coronary artery
a stroke if in a brain artery
what are flavonoids
things like grapes, onions, tomatoes, and wines have flavonoids which can prevent heart diseases, and clots
what is blood responsible for
collecting and distributing oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to body
what is lymph responsible for
collecting and removing waste products left behind in tissue
what circulation does blood flow in
a closed continuous loop through the bodies arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
what circulation does lymph travel through
an open circuit from tissues into lymphatic vessels. once in vessels it flows in one direction
how does blood move
it is pumped by the heart to the body through arteries, and returns through veins
how does lymph move
it moves passively from tissues into lymph capillaries. flow in vessels aided by deep breathing, and action of nearby vessels and blood vessels
what does blood consist of
liquid plasma the transports red, and white blood cells, along with platelets
what does lymph consist of
lymph returning to the cardiovascular system is filtered into a clear, milk white fluid
how do we detect damage to blood vessels
visible blood, and bruising
how do we detect damage to lymph vessels
lymph is invisible and we need to see swelling to detect damage
how is blood filtered
by the kidneys where wastes and excess fluids are removed
how is lymph filtered
by lymph nodes which remove some fluid and debris, along with killing some pathogens and cancerous cells
what is edema
localized swelling caused by an accumulation of tissue fluid
what does blood vessel damage or insufficiency produce
swelling containing low-protein fluid
what does lymphatic vessel damage or insufficiency produce
swelling containing protein rich fluid
