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Bio 12 > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe arteries

A

Large vessels that carry blood away from the heart
They have thick elastic walls that can stretch
They are surrounded by smooth muscle which can control size

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2
Q

Describe arterioles

A

Vessels, smaller than arteries
Mostly smooth muscle which gives them a lot of control

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3
Q

Describe capillaries

A

Microscopic, thin walled vessels which are present all over body in beds or networks
Facilitate nutrient, gas, and waste exchange
Allow one cell through at a time

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4
Q

What is often between capillary beds and arterioles

A

Sphincters which control flow of blood into the entire capillary bed

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5
Q

describe venules

A

Vessels, smaller than veins, that drain blood from capillary beds and start taking it towards the heart

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6
Q

describe veins

A

vessels, larger thane venules, that bring blood back to the heart.
they have valves which prevent back flow and are surrounded by skeletal muscles to contract and apply pressure forcing the blood against gravity. Thinner walls than arteries

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7
Q

what is the secondary role of veins

A

they act as a blood reservoir and often store more than 50% of the body’s blood

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8
Q

what takes blood to the head

A

the carotid artery

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9
Q

what takes blood from the head

A

the jugular vein

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10
Q

what takes blood to the spleen

A

the splenic artery

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11
Q

what takes blood from the spleen

A

the splenic vein

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12
Q

what takes blood to the arms

A

the subclavian artery

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13
Q

what takes blood from the arms

A

the subclavian vein

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14
Q

what takes blood to the lungs

A

the pulmonary artery

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15
Q

what takes blood from the lungs

A

the pulmonary vein

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16
Q

what takes blood to the intestines

A

the mesenteric artery

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17
Q

what takes blood from the intestines

A

the hepatic portal vein

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18
Q

what takes blood to the liver

A

the hepatic portal vein

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19
Q

what takes blood from the liver

A

the hepatic vein

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20
Q

what takes blood to the kidneys

A

the renal artery

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21
Q

what takes blood from the kidneys

A

the renal vein

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22
Q

what takes blood to the upper legs/hip

A

the iliac artery

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23
Q

what artery does the iliac artery connect to

A

the femoral artery

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24
Q

what takes blood to the lower legs

A

the femoral artery

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25
Q

takes blood up the leg

A

the femoral vein

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26
Q

what does the femoral vein lead into

A

the iliac vein

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27
Q

what takes blood from the upper leg/hips

A

the iliac vein

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28
Q

what takes blood to the gonads

A

the genital artery

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29
Q

what takes blood from the gonads

A

the genital vein

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30
Q

what takes blood to the stomach

A

the gastric artery

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31
Q

what are the two parts of the mesentery artery

A

anterior and posterior mesentery arteries

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32
Q

What are the two main circulation paths in the human body

A

Pulmonary circulation
and
Systemic circulation

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33
Q

What is pulmonary circulation

A

the right ventricle of the heart pumping deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. In the lungs it is oxygenated in the capillaries of the alveoli. oxygenated blood then returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein into the left atrium

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34
Q

What is the site of gas exchange in the lungs

A

the alveoli

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35
Q

what is systemic circulation

A

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta, which leads into many blood vessels to the rest of the body. It then returns to the heart via two main veins, the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium

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36
Q

how many blood cells are in the human body

A

at least 2

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37
Q

what drains into each vena cava

A

the head and upper body drains into the superior (anterior) vena cava, while the lower body drains into the inferior (posterior) vena cava

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38
Q

What are the three sections of pulmonary circulation (excluding heart)

A

pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the lungs
the lungs which facilitate gas exchange in the capillary system
the pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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39
Q

what vessels have which type of blood in the systemic circulation

A

the vessels leaving the heart have oxygenated blood
the vessels returning to the heart have deoxygenated blood

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40
Q

what is the main difference in adult-fetal circulation

A

the fetus receives O2 blood from the placenta, and it does not use the lungs of the child.

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41
Q

what are the four features not present in the adult

A

the oval opening or foramen ovale
the arterial duct or ductus arteriosus
the umbilical arteries and veins
the venous duct or ductos venosus

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42
Q

what is the foramen ovale

A

an opening between the L. and R. atria
covered by a flap that acts as a valve
blood from the R. atrium is shunted into the L. atrium instead of R. Ventricle
reroutes blood away from the pulmonary (lungs) to the systemic (body) system

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43
Q

what can happen to the foramen ovale after birth

A

normally it will close, if not there will be a hole in the heart

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44
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus

A

a connection between the pulmonary artery and aorta
reroutes the blood away from the lungs to the aorta
acts like a shunt to allow blood to bypass lungs

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45
Q

What are the umbilical arteries and veins

A

two arteries travel towards the placenta (away from the fetal heart) with low O2 and waste, veins travel towards the fetus with blood rich in O2 and nutrients

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46
Q

What is the ductos venosus

A

a connection between the umbilical vein and the vena cava (via liver)
the umbilical vein carries O2 blood which mixes with unO2 blood in the vena cava. So the fetus is susceptible to toxins and germs as liver function is initially bypassed

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47
Q

what happens to the 4 fetal circulation features after birth

A

they atrophy and the system becomes like the adults

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48
Q

What is the composition of blood

A

55% Plasm (H2O and dissolved organic and inorganic substances)
45% cells or formed elements (red blood cells, which blood cells, and platelets

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49
Q

What is the fluid component of blood

A

water which is absorbed by the large intestine

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50
Q

what are the 3 main types of proteins in plasm

A

albumen which helps osmotic balance and pH Buffering (liver)
Fibrinogen which helps blood clotting (liver)
Immunoglobulins which help antibodies (lymphocytes)

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51
Q

what gases are in plasm

A

O2 and CO2 from the lungs and tissue

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52
Q

what nutrients are in plasm

A

fats, glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, from intestines

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53
Q

what salts are in plasm

A

Na+, K+, NaHCO3-, etc, from the intestines

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54
Q

what wastes are in plasm

A

Urea, ammonia, and others from body cells

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55
Q

what hormones are in plasm

A

thyroxin, adrenalin, etc from endocrine glands

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56
Q

where do vitamins come from in plasm

A

the intestines

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57
Q

what is plasm made of

A

water, proteins, gases, nutrients, salts, wastes, hormones, and vitamines

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58
Q

what are the essential functions of the lymphatic system

A

it takes up excessive tissue fluid
it transports fatty acids from the intestines
it helps fight infection (lymphocytes)

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59
Q

what is tissue fluid also called

A

interstitial fluid

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60
Q

what are lymph vessels

A

lymph capillaries which take up cell fluids
lymph veins which have valves to prevent back flow
the fluid (lymph) travels through the system to reenter the circulatory system through the right and left subclavian veins (from arms)w

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61
Q

What are lacteals

A

blind ends of the lymphatic system which is found in the villi of intestines and absorbs fats

62
Q

what are lymphatic nodes

A

small ovoid/roudn structures
produce lymphocytes (types of white blood cell) these fight infection by production antibodies which combine with, and deactivate foreign proteins
also filter and trap bacteria

63
Q

what are the 5 lymphoid organs

A

tonsils
appendix
spleen
thymus gland
and red bone marrow
all fight infection and contain lymphocytes

64
Q

what are red blood cells also called

A

erythrocytes

65
Q

what is the structure of red blood cells

A

small, biconcave disks with no nuclei, contain hemoglobin which can bind to 4 O2
passes through several development stages in which they loose nucleus and gain hemoglobin

66
Q

what produces red blood cells

A

red blood marrow

67
Q

what influences RBC count

A

the O2 tension in the air, which is why athletes train at high altitudes and why blood doping exists

68
Q

what is blood doping

A

taking blood with a higher RBC count, from a donor, stored version of own blood, or synthetic

69
Q

what do red blood cells do

A

transport O2 and CO2

70
Q

what happens to the heme part of RBCs

A

it is turned to bile pigments in the liver, iron is reused

71
Q

what are white blood cells called

A

leucocytes

72
Q

what is the structure/abundance of WBC

A

larger than RBC, usually variations of ameboid shapes, several kinds of
fewer in number

73
Q

What is the overall function of WBCs

A

Overall inflammatory, infection, fighting, allergy, and immune response

74
Q

What is the pneumonic for remembering the order of abundance for WBC

A

Never (Neutrophils)
Let (Lymphocytes)
Monkeys (Monocytes)
Eat (Eosinophils)
Bananas (basophils)

75
Q

What are neutrophils

A

55-70% of WBCs
Granules In cytoplasm
Polymorphonuclear (many lobed nucleus)
Produced in bone marrow
Phagocytic

76
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

20-30% of WBCs
No granules in cytoplasm
Mononuclear
Mature In lymph tissue, thymus gland, spleen, tonsils
Produce antibodies
B and T cells

77
Q

What is the difference between B and T lymphocytes

A

Type B mature in bone marrow
Type T mature in the thymus

78
Q

What are monocytes

A

2-8% of WBCs
Phagocytes called macrophages, enlarge greatly in size at infections

79
Q

What are Eosinophils

A

1-4% of WBCs
Involved in inflammatory and allergic responses

80
Q

What are Basophils

A

0.5-1% of WBCs
Release histamines (act as a control in allergy testing)
Involved in inflammatory and allergic responses

81
Q

What are platelets

A

Cells bits or fragments called thrombocytes
Fragments of large, bone marrow cells
Produce 200,000,000,000 per day
Involved in blood clotting

82
Q

What do platelets work with to do what

A

Work with fibrinogen to form a mesh like structure to clot at a wound or infection site

83
Q

What is an antigen

A

A protein identification on the surface of a red blood cell

84
Q

What is an antibody

A

Made by the body, is a protein designed to combat a foreign protein

85
Q

What happens when an antigen and antibody of the same type combine

A

An inactive complex forms through agglutination ie the clumping of blood

86
Q

What are the two main types of antigen found on human RBC

A

A and B

87
Q

What are the four main blood types

A

Type A (a antigen)
Type B (b antigen)
Type AB (a and b antigen)
Type O (neither antigen)

88
Q

What antibodies are in the plasma

A

The antibodies of the antigens not present on the red blood cells

89
Q

What is agglutination

A

When the same antigen and antibody are present in the blood it causes clumping which causes the blood to stop circulation and RBCs to burst

90
Q

What is the third type of antigen

A

The Rh antigen
Which 85% of caucasians have

91
Q

Do Rh- people have Rh antibodies

A

They don’t normally but can develop them if exposed to Rh antigen

92
Q

When is the development of Rh antigens important to be aware of

A

In pregnancies if a Rh- mother has an Rb+ baby. The blood will not normally mix, but can at birth, causing the mother to begin producing Rh antibodies
If the mother becomes pregnant with another Rh+ baby the antibodies in the plasma may cross the placenta and agglutinate in the baby’s blood causing death (erythroblastosis).

93
Q

How do we prevent erythroblastosis

A

By destroying the 1st babies Rh+ RBCs in the plasma after the mothers first birth
Done by an injection of Rh immune globulin injection

94
Q

What type of blood can type A people receive

A

Type A and Type O

95
Q

What type of blood can type B people receive

A

Type B or type O

96
Q

What type of blood can type AB people receive

A

A, B, AB, O, they are the universal recipient

97
Q

What type of blood can type O people receive

A

Type O blood

98
Q

What is type O blood know as

A

The universal donor, since anyone can receive it

99
Q

What are the two pressures involve in tissue fluid exchange In capillaries

A

Osmotic pressure and blood pressure

100
Q

What are the two pressure at the arterial end of capillary beds, what is the result

A

The blood pressure (~40mm Hg) is higher than the osmotic pressure (~25mm Hg) causing the water (plasma) to be forced into the surrounding tissue. Cells and proteins are too big

101
Q

What are the two pressure at the venule end of capillary beds, what is the result

A

The blood pressure (~10mm Hg) is less than osmotic pressure (25mm Hg) so H2O is pulled back into the blood vessels, though since osmosis is slow, some fluids are left to be picked up by the lymph system

102
Q

what is andrewsarchus, how does it occur

A

Andrewsarchus is an extinct genus of mammal that lived during the Middle Eocene in China. It contains two species, A. mongoliensis and A. crassum
It occurs due to evolution

103
Q

What happens in the capillaries

A

Oxygen, sugar, and amino acids diffuse into the tissue to be used up. CO2 and waste molecules produced in the tissue diffuse back into the blood

104
Q

In what order do the right and left, atria and ventricles contract

A

the left and right side beat in synchronization
Both atrium contact, then the ventricles contract

105
Q

how is the heart beat controlled

A

the heartbeat is independent and can beat without nervous stimulation. It is intrinsically controlled

106
Q

What are the two nodes of the heart

A

the two nodes (combination of muscles and nervous tissue) are the S-A (Sino articular) node and the A-V (atrio ventricular) node

107
Q

What is the Sino atricular node

A

a node on the upper right atrium
also called the pacemaker
initiates the heartbeat, sends out a single every 0.85 seconds and causes the atria to contract

108
Q

what is the other word for the atria or ventricle to contract

A

systole

109
Q

what is the other word for the atria or ventricle to relax

A

diastole

110
Q

what is the atria ventricular node

A

a node on the lower right atrium that receives a signal from the S-A node and causes the ventricles to contract, after a slight delay

111
Q

what does the A-V node sends singles through

A

it sends a single through a bundle of His to the the purkinje fibres causing the ventricles to contract from the bottom upwards

112
Q

what controls the heart rate

A

the heart rate is extrinsically controlled by the nervous system. The medulla oblongata controls the pulse rate via the autonomic nervous system

113
Q

what speeds up or slows down the heart rate

A

the sympathetic nerves can speed up the heartbeat in time of fight or flight, and the parasympathetic nerves can slow it down during rest and digesting times

114
Q

what is systole

A

the contraction of the ventricles
pumping action
causes the highest blood pressure

115
Q

what is diastole

A

the relaxation of the ventricles
chambers refilling
lowest blood pressure

116
Q

what is standard blood pressure

A

120 / 80 in the brachial artery of the arm
systole = 120
diastole = 80

117
Q

how is blood pressure given

A

systole / diastole , varies throughout the body

118
Q

what is hypertension

A

blood pressure is higher than normal
might indicate cardiovascular disease
ex 150/100

119
Q

what is hypotension

A

when blood pressure is lower than expected
ex 100/60
can lead to dizziness, stroke, fainting, cardiac diseases

120
Q

what factors can lead to hyper tension

A

sympathetic nerve activation
inc. Na+ by kidneys or diet
arterioles constricting
atherosclerosis (soft masses of fatty materials, beneath arterial lining)

121
Q

where is the blood pressure and velocity highest

A

in the arteries

122
Q

what happens to blood pressure and velocity in the arterioles

A

it decreases slightly

123
Q

where is blood velocity the lowest

A

in the capillaries

124
Q

what is the trend of blood velocity in the venules and veins

A

it increases slowly, still less than arterioles

125
Q

what is highest in the capillaries

A

the total cross sectional area

126
Q

what happens in the capillaries->veins for blood pressure

A

continues to go down gradually

127
Q

where is total cross-sectional area lowest

A

in the veins and arteries

128
Q

what is the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles and venules

A

lower than the capillaries but higher than veins/arteries

129
Q

what is happening to blood pressure and velocity in the arterioles and arteries

A

it fluctuates due to the heart beat

130
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

an accumulation of soft masses of fatty material, like cholesterol, beneath inner linings of arteries. they protrude and interfere with blood flow and increases blood pressure

131
Q

what is atheriosclerosis

A

the presence of a hard plaque on the the artery walls that causes blood to form clots.

132
Q

what is a thrombus

A

when a clot stays in the artery and blocks blood flow

133
Q

what is an embolus

A

an embolus occurs if the clot moves. an embolus causes an embolism which stops and blocks off a smaller blood vessel.

134
Q

what can an embolism cause

A

a heart attack if in the coronary artery
a stroke if in a brain artery

135
Q

what are flavonoids

A

things like grapes, onions, tomatoes, and wines have flavonoids which can prevent heart diseases, and clots

136
Q

what is blood responsible for

A

collecting and distributing oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to body

137
Q

what is lymph responsible for

A

collecting and removing waste products left behind in tissue

138
Q

what circulation does blood flow in

A

a closed continuous loop through the bodies arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

139
Q

what circulation does lymph travel through

A

an open circuit from tissues into lymphatic vessels. once in vessels it flows in one direction

140
Q

how does blood move

A

it is pumped by the heart to the body through arteries, and returns through veins

141
Q

how does lymph move

A

it moves passively from tissues into lymph capillaries. flow in vessels aided by deep breathing, and action of nearby vessels and blood vessels

142
Q

what does blood consist of

A

liquid plasma the transports red, and white blood cells, along with platelets

143
Q

what does lymph consist of

A

lymph returning to the cardiovascular system is filtered into a clear, milk white fluid

144
Q

how do we detect damage to blood vessels

A

visible blood, and bruising

145
Q

how do we detect damage to lymph vessels

A

lymph is invisible and we need to see swelling to detect damage

146
Q

how is blood filtered

A

by the kidneys where wastes and excess fluids are removed

147
Q

how is lymph filtered

A

by lymph nodes which remove some fluid and debris, along with killing some pathogens and cancerous cells

148
Q

what is edema

A

localized swelling caused by an accumulation of tissue fluid

149
Q

what does blood vessel damage or insufficiency produce

A

swelling containing low-protein fluid

150
Q

what does lymphatic vessel damage or insufficiency produce

A

swelling containing protein rich fluid

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