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Bio Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are bio molecules

A

Chemical compounds found in living organisms

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2
Q

What atoms are common in bio molecules

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes phosphorus and sulfur

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3
Q

What is a single biomolecule unit called

A

A monomer

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4
Q

What is the term for many monomers joined together

A

A polymer

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5
Q

What process allows monomers to join

A

Dehydration synthesis

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6
Q

What process lets polymers split

A

Hydrolysis

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7
Q

What are the four types of bio molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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8
Q

What allows carbon to be the key element in bio molecules

A

It has the ability to form 4 covalent bonds

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9
Q

What are carbon chains

A

Long connections of carbon molecules that vary in length, branching, double bond position, and presence of rings

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10
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Molecules that contain only C and H atoms, release list of energy when they undergo reactions

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11
Q

What are functional groups

A

The components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chem rxns

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12
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Sugars and polymers of sugar; serves as a fuel and building material: usually end in ose

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13
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

One sugar molecule, the building block of carbohydrates. Typically a ring. Ex glucose

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14
Q

What is the ration of elements in carbohydrates

A

1 C 2 H 1 0

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15
Q

What are disaccarides

A

Two sugars, ex maltose, sucrose, lactose

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16
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Polymers of hundred to thousands of linked monosaccharides. Can be linear or branched, shape affects fonction

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17
Q

What are two structural carbohydrates

A

Cellulose - unbranched molecule that is the main part of plant cell walls (oxygen linked he is alternating in sugars)
Chitin - similar to cellulose, has a nitrogen appendage. Main component in exoskeletons and fungi cell walls

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18
Q

What are two example of carbohydrates for storage

A

Glycogen - many branched chains. Used to store energy in animal cells, found in liver and muscle cells
Starch - some branched chains, molecule used in energy storage in plant cells

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19
Q

What are modified carbs

A

Glycolipids or glycoproteins. Act like cell ID or finger prints for cell to cell interactions

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20
Q

What are lipids

A

Fats, phospholipids, steroids

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21
Q

What are the common themes of lipids

A

Hydrophobic
Non-polar
Covalent bonds

22
Q

What is unique of lipids

A

The only biomolecule that doesn’t have “true” monomers but have glycerol + fatty acids

23
Q

What are fats

A

Made of triglycerides (neutral fats)
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Have an ester linkage

24
Q

What are saturated fats

A

Have no double bonds between carbons and so are saturated with hydrogen
Animal fats

25
What are unsaturated fats
Have at least one double bond between carbons Plant fats
26
What are steroids
Signalling molecules 4 fused rings Ex cholesterol a precursor to other steroids like estrogen and testosterone
27
What are phospholipids
Lipids with a hydrophilic head and 2 hydrophobic tails Main component of cell membranes
28
What does amphipathic mean
Molecule with a polar and non polar region
29
What are the parts of a phospholipid
A polar end made of a phosphate group and glycerol A non polar end of 2 fatty acids
30
What are the three main types of protein
Structural - elastin, collagen, cartilage+bone Movement in muscles - actin + myosin Metabolic functions
31
What are the different roles proteins play for metabolic functions
Enzymes - organic catalysts that speed up reactions Antibodies - proteins of the immune system Transport - hemoglobin transports 02 in blood, channels in cell membranes Hormones - chemical signals produced in one part of the body that controls the activity in other parts
32
What are amino acids
The monomers of proteins, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulphur
33
What are the three parts of an amino acid
An amino/amine group -NH3 An acid group -COOH (carboxyl group) R group: differs based on amino acid 20 r groups = 20 amino acids
34
What joins amino acids
A peptide (polar covalent bond) via dehydration synthesis Between one amino group and one acid group
35
What is a dipeptide
2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond
36
What is a polypeptide
A short chain of 3-20 amino acids joined together
37
What are full proteins
Long chains of amino acids 75 or more long Twisted and folded in a specific conformation Described with 4 levels of organization
38
What is the first level of protein organization
Primary structure 1 The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain Held together by covalent peptide bonds
39
What is the second level of protein organization
Secondary structure 2 Polypeptides coil into an alpha helix or line up into beta pleated sheets Created by H bonds between neighbouring NH and CO groups in neighbouring amino acids and peptide bonds
40
What is the 3rd level of protein organization
Tertiary structure 3 The overall 3D structure assumed by the peptide chain Secondary structure folds up due to -disulphides bonds between cystine amino acids -h bonds between R groups -hydrophobic interactions from non-polar Amino acids 3D globular shape
41
What is the final level of protein organization
Quaternary structure 4 Arrangement of 2+ polypeptide chains in down proteins Held together by H bonds, peptide bonds, disulphide bridges, and R group interactions. No new bonds
42
What is denaturation
The loss of 3D structure of a protein, caused by a disruption to the bonding of its 3D structure, makes the protein non-function
43
What 3 things can cause dénaturations
Changes in pH High temperatures Exposure to heavy metals like act Hg Pb etc
44
What do nucleic acids do
Transmit hereditary information, control cellular activity, and determine what proteins a cell manufactures
45
What are nucleotide, what do they consist of
Building blocks of proteins Made of : - a five carbon sugar: ribose in RNA deoxyribose in DNA - a phosphate group - a nitrogenous base (single or double ringed)
46
What nitrogenous bases are present in RNA and DNA
Adenine, guanine, and Cytosine, are present in both DNA has thymine RNA has uracil
47
How do nucleotides typically join
The phosphate of one connects to the the sugar of another, while the bases go off the one end
48
What is DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid A major component in chromosomes Found in the nucleus
49
What is the structure of DNA
Double strand of nucleotides twisted into a double helix Backbone strands consisting of alternating sugar-phosphates, bases point inwards Two strands held together by h bonds between bases A-T C-G
50
What is RNA
Ribonucleic acid Used in protein synthesis Can be found in nucleus and cytoplasm Consists of a single strand of nucleotides 3 types: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA Uracil replaces thymine as base
51
What is ATP
Adenosine triphosphate Specialized nucleotide Energy carrier for cell Consists of adenine base, ribose sugar, and three phosphates Releases energy when last phosphate is removed
52
What is a double ring base, single ring base, called
Purine = double ring = A + G Pyrimidine = single ring = C + T + U

Bio 12 (9 decks)

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