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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 stages of respiration?

A

Glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

For every glucose molecule- 2 pyruvate, net production of 2ATP and 2 reduced NAD (NADH).

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4
Q

What is reduced NAD also refered to as?

A

NADH

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5
Q

Where does the link reaction take place?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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6
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

3 phosphate groups, adenine (nitrogenous sugar) and a ribose (pentose sugar).

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7
Q

What happens if you cut 1phosphate off ATP?

A

Make ADP

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8
Q

What is the first stage in glycolysis?

A

Glucose (6C) is phosphorylated by 2 ATP to form hexose bisphosphate (6C).

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9
Q

What is the second stage of glycolysis?

A

Hexose bisphosphate (6C) splits into two molecules of triose phosphate (3C). This process is called lysis.
A phosphate is then added to each of the triose phosphates.

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10
Q

What is the third stage of glycolysis?

A

Hydrogen is removed from each of molecule of triose phosphate and transfered to coenzyme NAD to form 2 reduced NAD. This stage is called oxidation.

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11
Q

What is the fourth stage of glycolysis?

A

Phosphates are transfered from triose phosphate and combinded with 4ADP to produce 4ATP. This is called dephosphorylation

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12
Q

What is the produced at the end of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvates

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13
Q

What does glycolysis result in the production of?

A

2 pyruvates (3C) molecules
Net gain 2 ATP
2 reduced NAD

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14
Q

Where does pyruvate move to?

A

When oxygen is available it will move across the double membrane of the mitochondria via active transport to enter the mitochondrial matrix.

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15
Q

What is the first stage of the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate is decarboxylated- one carbon atom is removed from pyruvate in the form of CO2.

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16
Q

What is the second stage of the link reaction?

A

NAD is reduced to NADH- it collects a hydrogen from pyruvate, changing pyruvate into acetate (2C) .

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17
Q

What is the third stage of the link reaction?

A

Acetate is combined with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA).

18
Q

What are the products of the link reaction for every glucose molecule?

A

Two molecules of acetyl CoA
Two molecules of CO2
Two molecules of reduced NAD

19
Q

What is the first stage in the Krebs cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate (4C) accepts the acetyl (2C) fragment from acetyl CoA to form citrate (6C).

20
Q

How is citrate regenerated into Oxaloacetate?

A

Through a series of redox reactions
Decarboxylation of citrate- release 2 CO2 as waste gas
Dehydrogenation of citrate- Releasing H atoms that reduce coenzymes NAD and FAD
8H+ 3NAD+ FAD-> 3 reduced NAD + reduced FAD
Substrate-level phosphorylation- A phosphate is transfered from one of the intermediates to ADP, forming ATP.

21
Q

What is produced by the Krebs cycle for every glucose molecule?

A

2 ATP
2 reduced FAD
6 reduced NAD
4 CO2

22
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

At the inner mitochondrial matrix

23
Q

What happens first in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Reduced NAD and reduced FAD, from the Krebs cycle, donate hydrogen atoms.
These hydrogen atoms are split into protons (H+ ions) and electrons

24
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation: step 2: What happens to the electrons?

A

The high energy electrons enter the electron transport chain and release energy as they move through the electron transport chain.

25
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation: Step 3: What happens to the protons?

A

The released energy from the electron transport chain is used to transport (pump) protons ,though electron carriers, across the inner membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space.

26
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation: Step 4: What happens when there is a build up of protons in the intermembrane space?

A

A (electrochemical) concentration gradient is established between the intermembrane space and the matrix.

27
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation: Step 5: What happens after the concentration gradient is estbalished?

A

The protons return to the matrix via facilitated diffusion through the channel protein ATP synthase. The movement of protons down their concentration gradient provides enough energy for ATP synthesise.

28
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation: Last step: What does oxygen do?

A

Acts as the ‘final electron acceptor’ and combined with protons and electrons at the end of the electron transport chain to form water. (2H + half O2= H2O)

29
Q

What happens when there is no oxygen available?

A
  • There is no final acceptor of electrons from the electron transport chain
  • The electron transport chain stops functioning
30
Q

What type of organisms use ethanol fermentation?

A

Yeast and microorganisms

31
Q

What type of organisms use lactate fermentation?

A

Other microorganisms and mammalian muscle cells

32
Q

What is the first step in ethanol (alcoholic) fermentation?

A

Pyruvate is decarboxylated to form ethanal (this releases a CO2)

33
Q

What is the second step in ethanol (alcoholic) fermentation?

A

Ethanal accepts hydrogen (2H) from reduced NAD to form ethanol. This also makes NAD, so glycolysis can be continued.

34
Q

What is the step in lactate fermentation?

A

Pyruvate accepts the hydrogen (2H) from reduced NAD to form lactate. This also makes NAD, so glycolysis can be continued.

35
Q

What happens lactate after it is produced??

A
  • It can be oxidised back to pyruvate which is then channelled into the Krebs cycle for ATP production
  • It can be converted to glycogen for storage in the liver
36
Q

What is the RQ value of a carbohydrate?

A

1.0

37
Q

What is the RQ value of a protein?

A

0.9

38
Q

What is the RQ value of a lipid?

A

0.7

39
Q

What is the formula to calculate the RQ value?

A

RQ= Molecules of carbon dioxide given out/ molecules of oxygen taken in

40
Q

Why can lactate fermentation be reversed?

A
  • When pyruvate is reduced to lactate no atoms are lost
  • Because lactate dehydrogenase is available to reverse the reaction
41
Q

Why can alcoholic fermentation not be reversed?

A
  • When pyruvate is converted to ethanol (two steps) and CO2, the CO2 atoms are lost- so it cannot be reversed
  • Decarboxylase enzyme cannot reverse the reaction.

Biology (20 decks)

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