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Classification And Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 8 taxonomic groups used in classification?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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2
Q

What were the five kingdom classification system?

A

Prokaryotae, protoctista, fungi, plantae and animalia

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3
Q

Old five kingdom classification system: Example of Prokaryotae?

A

Bacteria

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4
Q

Old five kingdom classification system: Example of Protoctista?

A

Algae

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5
Q

Old five kingdom classification system: Examples of Fungi?

A

Moulds, yeasts and mushrooms

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6
Q

Old five kingdom classification system: Examples of Plantae?

A

Moses, ferns and flowering plants

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7
Q

Old five kingdom classification system: Examples of Animalia?

A

Insects, fish, reptiles, birds mammals

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8
Q

Old five kingdom classification system: Features of Prokaryotae?

A

Prokaryotic, unicellular, no nucleus, less than 5 micrometers

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9
Q

Old five kingdom classification system: Features of Protoctista?

A

Eukaryotic cells, usually live in water, single-celled or simple multicellular organisms

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10
Q

Old five kingdom classification system: Features of Fungi?

A

Eukaryotic, chitin cell wall, saprotrophic (absorb substances from dead or decaying organisms), single-celled or multicellular

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11
Q

Old five kingdom classification system: Features of Plantae?

A

Eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls made of cellulose, can photosynthesise, contain chlorophyll, autotrophic (produce their own food).

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12
Q

Old five kingdom classification system: Features of Animalia?

A

Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls, heterotrophic (consume plants and animals)

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13
Q

What is the naming system called used in classification?

A

Binomial system

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14
Q

What is the first part of the name and what does it have?

A

The genus and has a capital letter

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15
Q

What is the second part of the name and what does it have?

A

Species and begins with a lower case

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16
Q

How are binomial system names written?

A

In italics (or they are underlined if handwritten)

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17
Q

What does the binomial name system avoid?

A

Confusion of using common names

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18
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms.

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19
Q

Evidence for classification: Molecular evidence?

A

The similarities in proteins and DNA. More closely related organisms will have more similar molecules.
- You can compare things like how DNA is stored and the sequence of DNA bases e.g. the base sequence for human and chimpanzee DNA is about 94% the same.
- Can also compare the sequence of amino acids in proteins from different organisms.

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20
Q

Evidence for classification: Embryological evidence?

A

The Somali rites in the early stages of an organism’s development.

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21
Q

Evidence for classification: Anatomical evidence?

A

The similarities in structure and function of different body parts.

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22
Q

Evidence for classification: Behavioural evidence?

A

The similarities in behaviour and social organisation of organisms.

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23
Q

Three domain system: What organisms are in Eukarya?

A

Organisms with cells that contain a nucleus (included four of the five kingdoms- Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

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24
Q

Three domain system: When was it proposed and what did the new system have?

A

In 1990. The new system has three domains-large super kingdoms that are above the kingdoms in the taxonomic hierarchy.

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25
Q

Three domain system: What happens to the organisms that were in the Prokaryotae kingdom?

A

Separated into two domains- the Archaea and Bacteria.

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26
Q

Three domain system: What happened to the lower hierarchy?

A

Stays the same- Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and species

27
Q

Three domain system: Why was it proposed?

A

Because of new evidence, mainly molecular. Evidence showed large differences in Prokaryotae so reclassified them into two domains- Archaea and Bacteria.

28
Q

Three domain system: what was the molecular evidence difference between Bacteria and Archaea?

A

Molecular evidence- The enzyme RNA polymerase (needed to make RNA) is different in Bacteria and Archaea. Archaea, but not Bacteria, have similar histimes (proteins that bind to DNA) to Eukarya.

29
Q

Three domain system: What was the cell membrane evidence difference between Bacteria and Archaea?

A

The bonds of lipids in the cell membranes in Bacteria and Archaea are different. The development and composition of flagellae are also different.

30
Q

What is intraspecific variation and what is an example?

A

Variation within a species.
E.g. individual European robins weigh between 16g and 22g and show some variation in many other characteristics in palsying length, wingspan, colour and beak size.

31
Q

What is interspecific variation and what is an example?

A

The variation between different species.
E.g. the lightest species of bird is the bee hummingbird, which weighs around 1.6 g on average, the heaviest species of bird is an ostrich, which can weigh up to 160kg.

32
Q

How can variation be caused by environmental factors?

A

Can be caused by differences in the environment e.g. Climate, food and lifestyle.
Characteristics controlled by environmental factors can change over an organisms life, e.g. accents and whether people have their ears pierced.

33
Q

How can variations be caused by genetic factors?

A

Different species have different genes.
Individuals of the same species have the same genes, but different versions of them (called alleles).
The genes and alleles an organism has makes up its genotype.
The differences in genotype result in a variation in phenotype- the characteristics displayed by an organism.
You inherit your genes from your parents. This means variation caused by genetic factors is inherited.

34
Q

How can variation be caused by both genetic and enviornmental factors?

A

Genetics factors determine the charcateristics an organism is born with, but enviornmental factors can infleunce how some characteristics develop. e.g.
Height- genes determine how tall an organism can grow (e.g. tall parents tend to have tall children). But diet or nutrient availability affect how tall an organism actually grows.

35
Q

What does the mean tell you?

A

Can be used to tell if there is variation between samples

36
Q

What can standard deviation tell you?

A

How much the values in a single sample vary

37
Q

What does a large standard deviation mean?

A

The values in the sample vary a lot.

38
Q

What does a small standard deviation mean?

A

Tells you most the sample data is around the mean value, so it varies little.

39
Q

What does being adapted to an environment mean?

A

An organism has features that increase its chances of survival and reproduction, and also the chances of its offspring reproducing sucessfully.

40
Q

Why do adaptions develop? And what happens in each generation?

A

Develop because of evolution by natural selection. In each generation, the best-adapted individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce- passing their adaptations on to their offspring. Individual that are less well adapted are more likely to die before reproducing.

41
Q

What are behavioural adaptations?

A

Ways an organism acts that increases its chance of survival

42
Q

Examples of behavioural adaptations?

A

Possums sometimes ‘play dead’- if they are being threatened by a predator they play dead to escape attack. This increases their chances of survival.
Scorpion dance before mating- this makes sure they attract a mate of the same species, increasing the likelihood of sucessful mating.

43
Q

What are physiological adaptations?

A

Processes inside an organism’s body that increase its chance of survival.

44
Q

Examples of physiological adaptations?

A

Brown bears hibernate- they lower their rate of metabolism over winter. This conserves energy, so they don’t need to look for food in months when it’s scarce-increasing their chance of survival.

45
Q

What are anatomical adaptations?

A

Structural features of an organism’s body that increase its chance of survival.

46
Q

Examples of anatomical adaptations?

A

Otters have a streamlined shape- making it easier to glide through the water. This makes it easier for them to catch prey and escape predators, increasing their chance of survival.
Whales have a thick layer of blubber (fat)- this helps to keep them warm in the cold sea. This increases their chance of survival in places where their food is found

47
Q

What are the 3 different groups of mammals?

A

Placental mammals, marsupial mammals and egg-laying monotremes.

48
Q

What are marsupial mammals?

A

(e.g. Kangaroos)
- Have a short gestation period (pregnancy)
- Don’t develop a full placenta
- Are born early in their development and climb into their mother’s pouch. Here they become attached to a teat and recieve milk while they continue to develop.

49
Q

What are placental mammals?

A

(e.g. humans)
- Have a longer gestation period.
- Develop a placenta during pregnancy, which allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the fetus and the mother.
- Are born more fully developed.

50
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

When species do not share a common ancestor and live in completely different parts of the world but show very high levels of simialrity in terms of the adaptations they possess. This occurs when the two habitats, in which the two species have evolved and to which they ahve become adapted, are very similar

51
Q

What is an example of convergent evolution?

A

Marsupial moles that live in the Australian Desert and the European mole. They are both adapted to similar niches in the same ways:
- Both have short powerful limbs, with large, strong front claws for shovelling soil out the way.
- Both have no external ears
- Limited eyesight (as not needed underground)

52
Q

What were Darwin’s 4 observations about the world around him?

A
  • Organisms produce more organisms than survive
  • There’s variation in the charcteristics of members of the same species.
  • Some of these characteristics will be passed on from one generation to the next
  • Individuals that are the best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive.
53
Q

What is Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection?

A
  • Individuals within a population show variation in their phenotypes
  • Selection pressures (e.g. disease) create a struggle for survival
  • Individuals with better adaptations are more likely to survive and reproduce sucessfully- passing on their advantageous adaptions to their offspring
  • Over time, amount of population possessing advantageous adaptions increases
  • Over generations this leads to evolution as favourable adaptations become more common in the pop
54
Q

Who was Alfred Wallace?

A
  • He independently came up with idea of natural selection and Darwin wrote about it
  • He and Darwin published their papers together and acknowledged each others work
55
Q

What are the 3 types of evidence for evolution?

A

Fossil record evidence, DNA evidence and molecular evidence

56
Q

Evidence for evolution: Fossil record evidence?

A

Fossils are the remains of organisms preserved in rocks. By arranging fossils in chronological order, gradual changes in organisms can be observed that providence evidence for evolution

57
Q

Evidence for evolution: Fossil record evidence example?

A

The fossil record of the horse show gradual changes in characteristics, including increasing size and hoof development.

58
Q

Evidence for evolution: DNA evidence?

A

Evolution is cased by gradual changes in the base sequence of an organisms’ DNA.
Organisms that diverged away from each other more recently, should have more similar DNA, as less time has passed for changes in the DNA sequence to occur.

59
Q

Evidence for evolution: DNA evidence example?

A

Humans, chimps and mice have all evolved from shared common ancestors. Humans and mice diverged a long time ago, but humans and chimps diverged quite recently. The DNA base sequence of humans and chimps is 94% the same, but humans and mouse DNA is only 85% the same.

60
Q

Evidence for evolution: Molecular evidence?

A

In addition to DNA, the similarites in other molecules provide evidence. Scientists compare the sequence of amino acids in proteins, and compare antibodies. Organisms that diverged away from each other more recently, have more similar molecules, as less time has passed for changes in proteins and other molecules to occur.

61
Q

How can the evolution of pesticide resistance be explained by natural selection?

A
  1. There is variation in a population of insects. Genetic mutations create alleles that make some insects naturally resistant to pesticide.
  2. If the population of insects are exposed to that pesticide only the individuals with the resistance will survive to reproduce.
  3. The alleles which cause the pesticide resistance will be passed on to the next generation, and so the population will evolve- more individuals will carry the allele than the previous generation.
62
Q

How can the evolution of pesticide resistance affect humans?

A
  1. Crop infestations with pesticide-resistant insects are harder to control- some insects are resistant to lots of different pesticides.
  2. If disease carrying insects (e.g. mosquitos) become pesticide-resistant, the spread of disease could increase.
  3. A population of insects could evolve resistance to all pesticides in use. To prevent this new pesticides need to be produces. This takes time and money.
63
Q

Evolution of drug resistance implications for humans?

A
  • Other pathogens have evolved resistance to specific drugs. For example, some protoctists that cause malaria are resistant to several drugs used to treat malaria.
  • Infections caused by drug-resistant microorganisms are harder to treat-especially if the microorganism is resistant to lots of different drugs.
  • There could be a point where a pathogen has become resistant to all drugs we currently use against it. To prevent this, new drugs need to be developed. This takes time and costs a lot of money.

Biology (20 decks)

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