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Biology 160 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

chemical reactions that occur in a cell
(Enzymes work together in metabolic pathways)

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2
Q

Metabolic pathway:

A

– A series of reactions
– Each catalyzed by a different enzyme
– To build biological molecules

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3
Q

Cellular respiration is:

A

– a set of reactions that produces ATP using an electron
transport chain
* Aerobic respiration
* Anaerobic respiration

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4
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

electron acceptor is oxygen, very common,
the most efficient way to produce ATP

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5
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

electron acceptor is not oxygen, occurs
only in selected prokaryotes

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6
Q

Metabolic pathways that produce ATP are:

A

cellular respiration
fermentation

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7
Q

Fermentation is:

A

a set of reactions that produces ATP without oxygen
and an electron transport chain (ETC)
(very common as cells often limited by oxygen availability, inefficient way to produce ATP)

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8
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

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9
Q

The electrons in ATP have high potential energy because

A

4 negative charges in its 3 phosphate groups repel each other

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10
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP results in:

A

the transfer of the released phosphate group to a
different molecule and formation of high potential
energy bond

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11
Q

Which cells in a human body perform cellular
respiration?

A

all

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12
Q

What happens during cellular respiration?

A
  • through a long series of carefully controlled redox
    reactions
  • Carbon atoms of glucose are oxidized to form carbon
    dioxide
  • Oxygen is reduced and forms water.
  • The resulting change in Gibbs free energy is used to
    synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi
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13
Q

Redox reaction

A

an electron is transferred
from one molecule to another
– Reduced molecule gains electrons
– Oxidized molecule losses electrons

electrons can
– Be transferred completely from one atom to another
– Or simply shift their position in covalent bonds

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14
Q

4 steps of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate processing
  3. citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)
  4. electron transport and chemiosmosis
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15
Q

Is fermentation effective?

A

no

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16
Q

How much ATP does each glucose molecule produce?

A

29

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17
Q

How much ATP does fermentation produce?

A

2

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18
Q

Byproducts of ethanol fermentation

A

CO2, ethanol, and NAD+

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19
Q

What utilizes ethanol fermentation?

A

yeast

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20
Q

Ethanol fermentation location

A

cytosol

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21
Q

Byproduct of lactic acid fermentation

A

2 lactate

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22
Q

Location of lactic acid fermentation

A

cytosol

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23
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH

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24
Q

What is used to regenerate NAD+?

A
  1. Lactic fermentation
  2. Ethanol fermentation
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25
Q

Why is NAD+ the limiting factor for glycolysis in the absence of oxygen?

A

NADH cannot be oxidized without oxygen

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26
Q

What is the limiting factor for glycolysis in the absence of oxygen?

A

NAD+

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27
Q

What can Glycolysis produce in the absence of oxygen?

A

ATP

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28
Q

What are the steps of fermentation?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Fermentation
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29
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The production of ATP with the Electron Transport Chain

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30
Q

Why do cells that use anaerobic respiration make less ATP?

A

They cannot generate a large potential energy difference because they lack oxygen as an electron acceptor

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31
Q

Why is oxygen the most effective electron acceptor?

A

It is highly electronegative

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32
Q

What is the most effective electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen

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33
Q

Where did mitochondria originate from?

A

Bacteria

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34
Q

Can fats and proteins be used for cellular respiration?

A

yes

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35
Q

What produces glucose?

A

hydrolysis of sugars

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36
Q

What is the primary substrate for cellular respiration?

A

glucose

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37
Q

How much ATP is created through the Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis?

A

25

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38
Q

How much ATP is created through glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

2 ATP and 2 GTP

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39
Q

What processes utilize oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

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40
Q

What processes utilize substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle

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41
Q

What are the 2 methods of producing ATP?

A
  1. Substrate-level phosphorylation
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation
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42
Q

What is the purpose of ATP synthase?

A

Catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP and ATP

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43
Q

What spins ATP synthase?

A

The flow of protons

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44
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

A large membrane-bound protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

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45
Q

What step used the proton gradient from the Electron Transport Chain to synthesize ATP?

A

CHEMIOSMOSIS

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46
Q

The proton gradient from the Electron Transport Chain is used to synthesize

A

ATP

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47
Q

What is created by the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Proton gradient

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48
Q

Gradients of ions are

A

form of potential energy

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49
Q

Where is the intermembrane space in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Inside the cristae of the mitochondria

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50
Q

What is formed when protons are pumped into the intermembrane space?

A

A strong electrochemical gradient

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51
Q

What pumps the protons into the intermembrane space?

A

The energy released as electrons move through the Electron Transport Chain

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52
Q

Byproduct of the Electron Transport Chain

A

Water

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53
Q

Electron acceptor of the Electron Transport Chain

A

Oxygen

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54
Q

What is the function of protein complex IV?

A

Transfer electrons to oxygen and pump H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space

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55
Q

What type of molecule is Cytochrome C?

A

Protein that contains a heme group

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56
Q

What molecule transfers electrons between protein complex III and protein complex IV?

A

Cytochrome C

57
Q

Where does Ubiquinone transfer electrons to?

A

Protein complex III

58
Q

How does Ubiquinone move?

A

Easily through the membrane to transfer electons

59
Q

Where does Ubiquinone transfer H+ to?

A

The intermembrane space

60
Q

What type of molecule in Ubiquinone?

A

lipid

61
Q

Where do protein complexes I and II transfer electrons?

A

Ubiquinone

62
Q

What byproduct is created when FADH2 donates electrons to the protein complex II?

A

FAD

63
Q

What type of reaction occurs when FADH2 donates electrons to the protein complex II?

A

Redox reaction

64
Q

Protein complex II

A

Not a proton pump

65
Q

Where does FADH2 donate electrons to in electron transport?

A

Protein complex II

66
Q

What byproduct is created when NADH donates electrons to the protein complex I?

A

NAD+

67
Q

What type of reaction occurs when NADH donates electrons to the protein complex I?

A

Redox reaction

68
Q

Protein Complex I

A

A proton pump that moves protons into intermembrane space against the gradient

69
Q

Where does NADH donate electrons to in electron transport?

A

Protein complex I

70
Q

All but one protein in the Electron Transport Chain are embedded where?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

71
Q

Most Electron Transport Chain molecules are

A

Proteins containing chemical groups that facilitate redox reactions

72
Q

How many high-energy molecules are used in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

10 NADH and 2 FADH2

73
Q

What is the Electron Transport Chain?

A

The extraction of energy from high energy molecules formed during glycolysis, pyruvate processing, and the Citric Acid Cycle

74
Q

How are ATP and GTP formed?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

75
Q

What is gradually converted into energy of NADH, FADH2, and ATP in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Potential energy of C-H bonds

76
Q

Steps 1-3 of the Citric Acid Cycle

A

Oxidation of carbon atoms

77
Q

What regulates the steps of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

NADH and ATP via feedback inhibition

78
Q

What regulates the creation of citrate?

A

ATP

79
Q

What happens to the Citric Acid Cycle when energy supplies are high?

A

The cycle slows down

80
Q

4 products of the Citric Acid Cycle

A
  1. 2CO2
  2. 3NADH
  3. FADH
  4. GTP
81
Q

Substrate in the Citric Acid Cycle

A

Acetyl CoA

82
Q

How many reactions occur in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

8

83
Q

What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Oxidation and recycling of carboxylic acids

84
Q

What is citrate formed from?

A

Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate

85
Q

Substrate in pyruvate processing

A

Coenzyme A

86
Q

What happens during pyruvate processing?

A

Another molecule of NADH is synthesized and one of the carbon atoms is oxidized to CO2

87
Q

What enzyme catalyzes pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

88
Q

Where is pyruvate that is produced during glycolysis transported to?

A

Into the mitochondria

89
Q

Location of the Electron Transport Chain in prokaryotes

A

Plasma membrane

90
Q

Location of the Citric Acid Cycle in prokaryotes

A

Cytoplasm

91
Q

Location of pyruvate processing in prokaryotes

A

Cytoplasm

92
Q

Location of glycolysis in prokaryotes

A

Cytoplasm

93
Q

Location of the Electron Transport Chain in eukaryotes

A

Inner mitocondrial membrane

94
Q

Location of the Citric Acid Cycle in eukaryotes

A

Mitocondrial matrix

95
Q

Location of pyruvate processing in eukaryotes

A

Mitocondrial matriX

96
Q

Location of glycolysis in eukaryotes

A

Cytoplasm

97
Q

What is the only step in cellular respiration that uses O2?

A

The Electron Transport Chain

98
Q

What does the H+ gradient produce?

A

Lots of ATP

99
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

NADH and FADH2 are oxidized to build the H+ gradient

100
Q

What is created during the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

A lot of NADH and FADH2, and some ATP

101
Q

Another name for the Citric Acid Cycle

A

Krebs Cycle

102
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

Acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2

103
Q

What is created in pyruvate processing?

A

NADH

104
Q

Pyruvate processing

A

Pyruvate is oxidized to form acetyl CoA and CO2

105
Q

Most potential energy contained in glucose is retained in

A

The 2 pyruvate molecules

106
Q

ATP in phosphofructokinase

A

Acts as an allosteric regulator

107
Q

High ATP concentrations cause

A
  1. ATP to bind to the regulatory site
  2. Change in the enzyme shape
  3. Decrease in reaction rate at the active site
108
Q

Phosphofructokinase binding sites for ATP

A
  1. Active site (high affinity)
  2. Regulatory site (low affinity)
109
Q

High levels of ATP during glycolysis inhibit

A

The enzyme phosphofructokinase

110
Q

When do cells stop glycolysis?

A

When ATP is abundant

111
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

An enzyme in the pathway is inhibited by the product of that pathway

112
Q

Glycolysis is regulated by

A

feedback inhibition

113
Q

The speed of glycolysis depends on

A

the need for ATP

114
Q

Glycolysis occurs when

A

A cell needs ATP

115
Q

When does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

A

Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle

116
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

ATP is produced by the enzyme-catalyzed transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate substrate to ADP

117
Q

Energy payoff phase

A

Sugar splits into 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH, and 4 molecules of ATP are formed by substrate-level phosphorylation

118
Q

Energy investment phase

A

2 molecules of ATP are consumed and glucose is phosphorylated twice
(NOTHING IS OXIDIZED OR REDUCED IN THIS PHASE)

119
Q

Glycolysis consists of

A
  1. Energy investment phase (3 reactions)
  2. Energy payoff phase (7 reactions)
120
Q

Glucose is broken down into

A

2 molecules of pyruvate

121
Q

Where are all of the enzymes needed for glycolysis found?

A

Cytoplasm

122
Q

How many enzymes are required for glycolysis?

A

10

123
Q

What is not created by glycolysis?

A

CO2

124
Q

What is not used during glycolysis?

A

Oxygen

125
Q

Molecules that readily donate electrons to other molecules in cellular respiration

A

NADH and FADH2

126
Q

Energy flow during respiration

A

GLUCOSE to NADH/FADH2 to ATP

127
Q

Potential energy of NADH and FADH2

A

High potential energy

128
Q

Electron carriers in cellular respiration

A

NADH and FADH2

129
Q

In cellular respiration what is oxidized and what is reduced?

A

Carbon is oxidized
Oxygen is reduced

130
Q

Fuel for most cellular activities

A

ATP

131
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP products

A

Formation of ADP, inorganic phosphate, and energy

132
Q

What type of reaction is Hydrolysis?

A

Highly exergonic

133
Q

Why do the electrons in ATP have high potential energy?

A

The 4 negative charges in the 3 phosphate groups repel each other

134
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Respiration that requires oxygen

135
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration the does not require oxygen

136
Q

Aerobic respiration electron acceptor

A

Oxygen

137
Q

Anaerobic respiration electron acceptor

A

A molecule that is not oxygen

138
Q

Fermentation

A

Set of reactions that produce ATP without oxygen and the electron transport chain

Biology 160 (4 decks)

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