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Biology 160 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Compare Electronegativity of N, O , C , H , S

A

O>N>C~S~P~H

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2
Q

Ionic Bond

A

electrons not shared

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3
Q

Non polar Covalent

A

electrons shared equally

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4
Q

Polar Covalent

A

electrons shared unequally

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5
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A
  • weak electrical attraction
  • no electron sharing
  • weaker than covalent and ionic
  • H and NOF
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6
Q

`Draw two water molecules and label all polar covalent and hydrogen bonds

A

H-O-H

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7
Q

How will water interact with a given molecule?

A

good solvent
many molecules can dissolve in water because they form hydrogen bonds with water

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8
Q

Hydrophobic

A

naturally repel water
- non polar side chains

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9
Q

Hydrophilic

A

naturally attracted to water
- polar side chains

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10
Q

5 functional groups

A

amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, methyl

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11
Q

Proteins

A
  • composed of amino acids
  • 50 or more amino acids
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12
Q

4 levels of structure for proteins

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • quaternary
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13
Q

Primary Structure

A

unique sequence of amino acids
- mutations in primary can affect protein function

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14
Q

Secondary Structure

A

3-D form of short amino acid sequences created by hydrogen bonding
- depends on primary structure
- a helix
- b pleated sheet

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15
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

3-D form of proteins
- interactions between R-groups of amino acids that are far from each other
- hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bonds
- very diverse

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16
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

2 or more proteins form a complex
- same bonds as tertiary

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17
Q

Protein Folding

A

formation of tertiary and quaternary structure by proteins
- often spontaneous
- can be regulated
depends on
- primary structure
- temp

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18
Q

Macromolecules

A

large complex molecules

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19
Q

Nucleic Acids are made up of

A

monomers called nucleiotides

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20
Q

Complimentary Pairings

A

A-T
C-G

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21
Q

DNA’s Secondary Structure

A

two antiparallel strands twist into double helix

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22
Q

Is DNA stable?

A

yes

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23
Q

Difference between RNA and DNA

A

RNA:
- uses uracil
- contains ribose

DNA:
- uses thymine
- contains deoxyribose

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24
Q

RNA can…

A
  • function as a catalytic molecules
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25
Q

Carbohydrate Examples

A

sugar - sucrose
starch
cotton - cellulose
wood - cellulose
milk - lactase

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26
Q

Functional Groups in Carbohydrates

A

carboxyl
hydroxyl

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27
Q

Monosaccharides

A

(simple sugars) monomers
ex: glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose

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28
Q

Disaccharides

A

made of two monomers

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29
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

polymers made from 3-10 monosaccharides

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30
Q

Polysaccharides

A

polymers made from any monosaccharides
ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose

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31
Q

Carbohydrates are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophilic

32
Q

What does the condensation of monosaccharides produce?

A

polysaccharide and water

33
Q

What is the most abundant organic molecule on earth?

A

cellulose

34
Q

Functions of Carbohydrates?

A
  • store chemical energy
  • provide fibrous structural materials
  • serve as precursor to larger molecules
  • indicate cell identity
  • make proteins more stable
35
Q

Lipids are…

A
  • carbon containing molecules
  • found in organisms
  • C-C , C-H
  • most covalent bonds are non polar
  • hydrophobic
36
Q

3 most important lipids found in cells:

A
  • triacylglycerols
  • phospholipids
  • steroids
37
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids?

A

fatty acids

38
Q

Triacylglycerolds from animals and plants are called:

A

animals: fats
plants: oils

39
Q

function of fats and oils in animals

A
  • energy reserve
  • help body absorb vitamins
  • cushion and protect organs
  • protect bones from injury
  • provide insulation and warmth
40
Q

function of fats and oils in plants

A
  • energy reserve in seeds
41
Q

Phospholipids are what kind of molecule

A

amphipathic

42
Q

what are phospholipids made of?

A
  • glycerol
  • 2 fatty acids
  • phosphate group
43
Q

Lipid bilayer with short and unsaturated tails…

A

high permeability and fluidity

44
Q

Lipid bilayer with long and saturated tails…

A

lower permeability and fluidity

45
Q

What is the most abundant steroid in animals?

A

cholesterol

46
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  • boundary
  • selective permeability
47
Q

What makes up membranes?

A

lipid bilayers
- hydrophilic heads face water
- hydrophobic tails hide from water

48
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

difference in solute concentrations across barrier

49
Q

Why do molecules cross membranes?

A
  • spontaneous process
  • net movement from high concentration regions to low concentration regions
50
Q

Osmosis

A
  • type of diffusion
    movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
51
Q

Passive Diffusion

A

movement of molecules across membrane alone their concentration gradients

52
Q

How do membrane structures affect its permeability

A
  • structure of fatty acid tails (double bonds, higher permeability)
  • amount of cholesterol (more cholesterol, lower permeability)
53
Q

How do environments affect membrane permeability

A

temp (higher temp, higher permeability)

54
Q

Hypertonic Solutions

A

hyper - excessive

55
Q

Hypotonic Solutions
net flow in

A

hypo - less or under
net flow out

56
Q

Isotonic Solutions

A

similar
no change

57
Q

Intergral (transmembrane) Proteins

A

able to span a membrane
with segments facing both interior and exterior surfaces

58
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

found only on one side of the membrane
often attached to integral proteins

59
Q

2 mechanisms of membrane transport

A

diffusion
facilitated diffusion

60
Q

Gated Channels

A

open or close in response to a signal

61
Q

Passive Transport

A

powered by diffusion along an electrochemical gradient

62
Q

Factors that affect rate of facilitated diffusion

A
  • difference in concentration of solute between the 2 sides of membrane
  • # of channels/carrier proteins available on plasma membrane
  • affinity of chancel/carrier protein for its substrate molecule
63
Q

3 mechanisms of membrane transport

A

passive transport - diffusion
passive transport - facilitated diffusion
active transport

64
Q

what are pumps

A

membrane proteins that transport molecules across the membrane
- against electrochemical gradient
- requires energy (ATP)

65
Q

Co Transporters

A

antiporter (move two ions in opposite directions)
symporter (move two ions in same direction)

66
Q

What is Energy

A

capacity to do work or supply heat

67
Q

two energies

A

potential energy
kinetic energy

68
Q

Examples of Potential Energy

A

chemical
elastic
nuclear
gravitational

69
Q

Examples of Kinetic Energy

A

thermal
mechanical
electrical
magnetic

70
Q

Enthalpy

A

total energy of molecule
sum of potential and kinetic

71
Q

potential energy of a molecule (bonds)

A

strong bonds - low potential energy
weak bonds - high potential energy

72
Q

Kinetic Energy of a Molecule

A
  • energy is a molecular movement
  • measured as temp

low temp:
moving slowly
cold

high temp:
moving fast
hot

73
Q

Entropy

A

amount of disorder in a group of molecules

74
Q

Why do modern life forms require enzymes

A

most chemical reactions are very slow

75
Q

Enzymes…

A

bring substrates together
- binds to active site

Biology 160 (4 decks)

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