Respiration Flashcards
Can glycoside happen in aerobic and anaerobic
Yes
Where does glycolysis occur
Cytoplasm
The process of glycolysis
1)Phosphorylation
-Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose phosphate using ATP is converted ADP
-glucose phosphate is then phosphorylated to heroes biphosphate using another ATP molecules
-he one biphosphate is then hydrolysis into 2 molecules of triose phosphate
Oxidation
1) 2 triose phosphate are oxidised (lose 1 H each) forming 2 molecule of pyruvate
2) NAD collects the 2H+ ions forming 2 reduced NAD
3)4 ATP are produced, but 2 were used up in phosphorylated, so there is a net gain of 2 ATP in glycolysis
What does glycolysis produced
Two molecules of phosphorylate glucose
Two ATP molecules
Where does the link reaction occur
Mitochondrial matrix
What is the product of link reaction
2 x acetylcholine CoA
2x CO2 released
2 reduced NAD (NADH)
The process of link reaction
The pyruvate(3C) made in glycolysis is oxidised to acetate (2C)
—> decarboxylase remove carbon dioxide (1C)
NAD picks up hydrogen and becomes NADH —> dehydrogenase
Acetate(2C) the combines with coenzyme A in to produce acetylcoenzyme A (2C)
Where does the link reaction occur
Matrix of mitochondrial
2x
Where does the Kreb cycle occur
Matrix of mitochondrial
Process of Kreb cycle
2C acetyl CoA from link reaction reacts with 4C molecules to form 6C molecules
6C converted back to 4C through oxidation -reduction (redox) reaction
Decarboxylation of 6C releasing 2CO2 as waste gas
Substrate linked phosphorylation
A phosphate is transferred from one of the intermediate to ADP , forming ATP to supply energy
Oxidation (dehydrogenation) of 6C
Releasing H atom that reduce coenzyme NAD and FAD
-> FAD - >FADH
-> 3x NAD -> 3X NADH
The products 2 Kreb cycle
2 CoA are reused in the next link reaction
4 CO2 released as waste products
2 ATP are used for energy
6 NADH - oxidative phosphorylation
2FADH2 - oxidation phosphorylation
Electron transport chain process
1)Hydrogen atoms are donated by NADH and FADH2 from kreb
—> hydrogen atoms splits protons and electrons
2)high energy electron enters the ETC and release energy as they move through ETC
3)the energy released transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix into the intemembrane space
4)a concentration gradient of proteins is established between the inter membrane space and the matrix
5)chemiosmosis occurs - net movement/diffusion of protons the electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase the protons returns to the matrix via facilitated diffusion through the channel enzyme ATP synthase
6)movement of protons down their concentrate gradient provide energy for ATP to bring ADP + Pi —> ATP
7) oxygen acts as the ‘final electron acceptor’ and combines with protons and electron at the end of ETC to form H2O
Define Respiratory quotient
The relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide produced and the amount of oxygen used when different respiratory substrates are Elul are respiration
What’s the formula of respiratory quotient
Carbon dioxide produced/ oxygen used
First step of glycolysis
two molecules of ATP are required to provide two phosphate needed for phosphorylation of glucose
-two molecules of triose phosphate
-two molecules of ADP
Step 2 of glycolysis
Oxidation of triose phosphate to produce (2x)pyruvate with 2 molecules of ATP
After triose phosphate lose hydrogen it forms two molecules of pyruvate
H+ are collected by NAD which reduces the coenzyme
—> forms two NADH
Even tho a total of 4 ATP produced doing glycolysis, two of them were used to phosphorylate glucose
Net gain of two ATP molecules
Electron transport chain process
1)hydrogen atoms donated by NADH & FADH2 from Kreb—> hydrogen atoms splits protons and electrons
2)high energy electrons enter the ETC and release energy as they move through ETC
3) the energy released transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix into the inter membrane space
4) a concentration gradient of proton is established between the inter membrane space and the matrix
5) chemiosmosis occurs- diffusion/net movement of protons down the electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase the proton return to the matrix via facilitated diffusion through the channel enzyme ATP synthase
6)movement of proton down their concentration gradient prodive energy for ATP synthesis
—> to bring ADP +Pi closer -> ATP
7) oxygen acts as the ‘final electron acceptor’ and combines with proton and electron at the end of ETC to form H2O
Describe the role of the H+ gradient in making ATP
1) H+ are more concentrated in the inter membranql space compared to the matrix into the intermembranal space by protein in the inner membrane of mitochondrial
2)H+ travel down their electrochemical gradient via the ATP synthase channel
3)movement of H+ provide energy for the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP
Kreb cycle products
3 NADH
2 CO2
1 ATP
1 FADH2
Per one glucose molecules for Kreb cycle
4CO2
6NADH
2ATP
2FADH2
GLYCOLYSIS STAGE ONE PHOSPHORYLATION
1)Glucose is phosphorylated by adding 2 phosphate from2 molecules of ATP
2) this create 2 molecules of triose phosphate and 2 molecules of ADP
GLYCOLYSIS STAGE 2 OXIDATION
1)triose phosphate is oxidised forming 2 pyruvate
2) NAD collects the hydrogen ions forming 2 NADH
3) 4 ATP are produced
-2 ATP molecules was used in the stage one
-net gain of 2 ATP molecules
Products of glycolysis
2X pyruvate
2X ATP
Where does the link reaction occur
Mitochondrial matrix
What is the process of link reaction
1)Pyruvate is decarboxylated (carbon is removed)
2) NAD a is reduced - collects hydrogen from pyruvate changing into acetate
3) aceta is combined with coenzyme A to from acetyl coenzyme A
No ATP is produced in this reaction
Products of link reaction
2X acetyl coenzyme A
2X CO2 released
2X NADH
Where does Kreb cycle occur
Matrix of mitochondria
Process of the Kreb cycle
1)Acetyl CoA (4C) to combine with 6C compound
2)6C converted to 5C due to decarboxylation occurs, CO2 is removed
- dehydrogenation also occurs - hydrogen is removed
—> hydrogen is used to produce NADH from NAD
3) 5C to 4C
- decarboxlation and dehydrogenation occur producing one molecule of reduced FAD and two reduced NAD
-
Products of Kreb cycle
1 coenzyme A
2CO2 -waste product
1ATP -energy
3x NADH
1 FADH2
