Respiration

Question 1

Can glycoside happen in aerobic and anaerobic

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

Where does glycolysis occur

Answer 2

Cytoplasm

Question 3

The process of glycolysis

Answer 3

1)Phosphorylation
-Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose phosphate using ATP is converted ADP
-glucose phosphate is then phosphorylated to heroes biphosphate using another ATP molecules
-he one biphosphate is then hydrolysis into 2 molecules of triose phosphate

Oxidation
1) 2 triose phosphate are oxidised (lose 1 H each) forming 2 molecule of pyruvate
2) NAD collects the 2H+ ions forming 2 reduced NAD
3)4 ATP are produced, but 2 were used up in phosphorylated, so there is a net gain of 2 ATP in glycolysis

Question 4

What does glycolysis produced

Answer 4

Two molecules of phosphorylate glucose

Two ATP molecules

Question 5

Where does the link reaction occur

Answer 5

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 6

What is the product of link reaction

Answer 6

2 x acetylcholine CoA

2x CO2 released

2 reduced NAD (NADH)

Question 7

The process of link reaction

Answer 7

The pyruvate(3C) made in glycolysis is oxidised to acetate (2C)
—> decarboxylase remove carbon dioxide (1C)

NAD picks up hydrogen and becomes NADH —> dehydrogenase

Acetate(2C) the combines with coenzyme A in to produce acetylcoenzyme A (2C)

Question 8

Where does the link reaction occur

Answer 8

Matrix of mitochondrial

Answer 9

2x

Question 10

Where does the Kreb cycle occur

Answer 10

Matrix of mitochondrial

Question 11

Process of Kreb cycle

Answer 11

2C acetyl CoA from link reaction reacts with 4C molecules to form 6C molecules

6C converted back to 4C through oxidation -reduction (redox) reaction

Decarboxylation of 6C releasing 2CO2 as waste gas

Substrate linked phosphorylation
A phosphate is transferred from one of the intermediate to ADP , forming ATP to supply energy

Oxidation (dehydrogenation) of 6C
Releasing H atom that reduce coenzyme NAD and FAD
-> FAD - >FADH
-> 3x NAD -> 3X NADH

Question 12

The products 2 Kreb cycle

Answer 12

2 CoA are reused in the next link reaction
4 CO2 released as waste products
2 ATP are used for energy
6 NADH - oxidative phosphorylation
2FADH2 - oxidation phosphorylation

Question 13

Electron transport chain process

Answer 13

1)Hydrogen atoms are donated by NADH and FADH2 from kreb
—> hydrogen atoms splits protons and electrons

2)high energy electron enters the ETC and release energy as they move through ETC

3)the energy released transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix into the intemembrane space

4)a concentration gradient of proteins is established between the inter membrane space and the matrix

5)chemiosmosis occurs - net movement/diffusion of protons the electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase the protons returns to the matrix via facilitated diffusion through the channel enzyme ATP synthase

6)movement of protons down their concentrate gradient provide energy for ATP to bring ADP + Pi —> ATP

7) oxygen acts as the ‘final electron acceptor’ and combines with protons and electron at the end of ETC to form H2O

Question 14

Define Respiratory quotient

Answer 14

The relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide produced and the amount of oxygen used when different respiratory substrates are Elul are respiration

Question 15

What’s the formula of respiratory quotient

Answer 15

Carbon dioxide produced/ oxygen used

Question 16

First step of glycolysis

Answer 16

two molecules of ATP are required to provide two phosphate needed for phosphorylation of glucose

-two molecules of triose phosphate
-two molecules of ADP

Question 17

Step 2 of glycolysis

Answer 17

Oxidation of triose phosphate to produce (2x)pyruvate with 2 molecules of ATP

After triose phosphate lose hydrogen it forms two molecules of pyruvate

H+ are collected by NAD which reduces the coenzyme
—> forms two NADH

Even tho a total of 4 ATP produced doing glycolysis, two of them were used to phosphorylate glucose
Net gain of two ATP molecules

Question 18

Electron transport chain process

Answer 18

1)hydrogen atoms donated by NADH & FADH2 from Kreb—> hydrogen atoms splits protons and electrons

2)high energy electrons enter the ETC and release energy as they move through ETC

3) the energy released transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix into the inter membrane space

4) a concentration gradient of proton is established between the inter membrane space and the matrix

5) chemiosmosis occurs- diffusion/net movement of protons down the electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase the proton return to the matrix via facilitated diffusion through the channel enzyme ATP synthase

6)movement of proton down their concentration gradient prodive energy for ATP synthesis
—> to bring ADP +Pi closer -> ATP

7) oxygen acts as the ‘final electron acceptor’ and combines with proton and electron at the end of ETC to form H2O

Question 19

Describe the role of the H+ gradient in making ATP

Answer 19

1) H+ are more concentrated in the inter membranql space compared to the matrix into the intermembranal space by protein in the inner membrane of mitochondrial

2)H+ travel down their electrochemical gradient via the ATP synthase channel

3)movement of H+ provide energy for the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

Question 20

Kreb cycle products

Answer 20

3 NADH
2 CO2
1 ATP
1 FADH2

Question 21

Per one glucose molecules for Kreb cycle

Answer 21

4CO2
6NADH
2ATP
2FADH2

Question 22

GLYCOLYSIS STAGE ONE PHOSPHORYLATION

Answer 22

1)Glucose is phosphorylated by adding 2 phosphate from2 molecules of ATP

2) this create 2 molecules of triose phosphate and 2 molecules of ADP

Question 23

GLYCOLYSIS STAGE 2 OXIDATION

Answer 23

1)triose phosphate is oxidised forming 2 pyruvate

2) NAD collects the hydrogen ions forming 2 NADH

3) 4 ATP are produced
-2 ATP molecules was used in the stage one
-net gain of 2 ATP molecules

Question 24

Products of glycolysis

Answer 24

2X pyruvate
2X ATP

Question 25

Where does the link reaction occur

Answer 25

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 26

What is the process of link reaction

Answer 26

1)Pyruvate is decarboxylated (carbon is removed)

2) NAD a is reduced - collects hydrogen from pyruvate changing into acetate

3) aceta is combined with coenzyme A to from acetyl coenzyme A

No ATP is produced in this reaction

Question 27

Products of link reaction

Answer 27

2X acetyl coenzyme A
2X CO2 released
2X NADH

Question 28

Where does Kreb cycle occur

Answer 28

Matrix of mitochondria

Question 29

Process of the Kreb cycle

Answer 29

1)Acetyl CoA (4C) to combine with 6C compound

2)6C converted to 5C due to decarboxylation occurs, CO2 is removed
- dehydrogenation also occurs - hydrogen is removed
—> hydrogen is used to produce NADH from NAD

3) 5C to 4C
- decarboxlation and dehydrogenation occur producing one molecule of reduced FAD and two reduced NAD
-

Question 30

Products of Kreb cycle

Answer 30

1 coenzyme A

2CO2 -waste product

1ATP -energy

3x NADH

1 FADH2