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Biology U5 > 8A Brin > Flashcards

8A Brin Flashcards

1
Q

What does the left hand side of the brain receive

A

Control the right hand side of the body

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2
Q

What’s does right hand side of the brain receive

A

control the left hand side of the body

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3
Q

What does the cerebrum control

A

Responsible for muscle coordination and movement
- carry conscious activities
-vision
-hearing
-speech
-thinking
-memory

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4
Q

Hypothalamus role

A

Thermoregulation
Monitors blood temperature and initiate a homeostatic response if temp. Too high or too Low

Osmoregulation
Monitor the water balance of the blood and release the hormone ADH if the blood becomes too conc.
—> ADH increase absorption of water in the kidney

Controlling pituitary gland
To release hormones to control a variet of processed

Regulating digestive activity
Regulate the hormones that control appetite as well as the secretion of digestive enzyme

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5
Q

Role of pituitary gland

A

Anterior pituitary produces and release hormones

Posterior pituitary store and release hormones produced by the hypothalamus

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6
Q

Role of cerebellum

A

Coordinates movement
Control balance and maintain posture
-balance
—> multiples parts eyes, semicircular canals in the ear

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7
Q

Role of medulla oblongata

A

Contains co-ordination centre that control different unconscious function
- cardiac centre - controls heart rate
-respiratory cente controls breathing rate

Breathing rate
Blood pressure
Coughing
Swallowing
Saliva production

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8
Q

Eyes in dim light on the muscle

A

Circular muscle relax

Radial muscle contract

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9
Q

Eyes in dim light on the pupil

A

Dilated

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10
Q

Bright light on the eyes

A

Circular muscle contract

Radial muscle relax

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11
Q

Bright light on the eyes pupil

A

Constricted

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12
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system on the preganglionic fibre

A

Long myelinated

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13
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system on the postganglionic fibre

A

Short unmyelinated

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14
Q

Parasympathetic system on the organ system

A

Slower calmer or inhibitory effect on the organ system

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15
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and digest

Feed and breed

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16
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system what neurotransmitters it produces

A

Neurotransmitters acetylcholine at the synapse

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17
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system where is the ganglia near to

A

Ganglia are near to or in the effector organ

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18
Q

Sympathetic nervous system where is the ganglia near to

A

CNS

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19
Q

Sympathetic nervous system preganglionic fibre

A

Short myelinated

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20
Q

Sympathetic nervous system postganglionic fibre

A

Long unmyelinated

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21
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Active, under physical and psychological stress

Fight or flight

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22
Q

What sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters produce

A

Produce the neurotransmitters NORADRENALINE at the synaptic

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23
Q

How does CT scan work

A

X ray to produce a cross section image

A beam of x ray is aimed at a patient from all angles around the body

Digital x ray detector are used to pick up the x ray as they exit the patient body

Denser tissue absorb more of x ray radiation so show up a lighter region on a

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24
Q

Usage of CT

A

Identify and detect problems such as brain tuners , bleeding in the br aneurysm

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25
Q

Advantages of CT

A

Physical structure of the brain and allows visually Saigon of any tissue damage
—> infer they function of the different egions of the brain by matching a patient symptoms with the areas of the brain damage

26
Q

CT disadvantage

A

Don’t show the function of the region but - possible to link symptoms with the location of any tissue damage

Not recommend for pregnant patient or children to risk of exposure to x ray radiation

Less detail and risk of x ray

27
Q

How does MRI work

A

Use magnetic field and radio waves to image the soft tissue

28
Q

Advantages of MRI

A

Soft tissue can be seen MRI, and images produced at a higher resolution

More details —> fineee detailed

MRI allow you to clearly see the difference between normal and abnormal

Less risk than CT scans (no use X-ray )
—> safer thus less risk of cell damage,mutation

29
Q

MRI disadvantage

A

Function of brain regions can be inferred by matching up a patient symptoms with areas of brain damage

Noisy and patient must keep their head completely still

30
Q

MRI usage

A

Different tissue respond differently to the magnetic field

Computer put the slices (2D image) to produce 3D image

31
Q

How does fMRI work

A

Deoxyhaemoglobin absorb the radio wave signal and later remits it

More oxygenated blood flows to active areas of the brain to supply the neurone with oxygen and glucose

Molecules in oxygenated blood respond differently to a magnetic field than those in deoxygenated blood the signal returned to the scanner is stronger from the oxygenated blood which allows more active areas of the brain to be identified

32
Q

How it works

A

Monitor the absorption of oxygen in different brain areas

-deoxygenated absorb the radio waves and remits it but oxyhaemolobin does not = less re-emit of signal from active areas because it is oxygenated blood that is being supplied

33
Q

fMRI advantages

A

High resolution

MRI and fMRI scan allows brain function to be studied in real time

If a function is carried out whilst in the scanner the part of the brain that involved with that function will be more active

Damaged or diseased areas of the brain and allow you to study condition caused by abnormal activity

34
Q

fMRI disadvantage

A

Noisy procedure - cause ppl to be stressful

Must keep their head completely still cuz any movement reduces the accuracy of the image

~~argument over that blood flow to different areas of the brain when a subject is looking at different stimulus is a case of correlation not causation

35
Q

how does PET work

A

Radioactive tracers collect in areas where there is increased blood flow , metabolism or neurotransmitters activity

Which region of the brain are activated at any given time but they use radioactive tracers such as radioactivity labelled glucose

The radioactively labelled glucose will accumulate in parts of the brain which are and will produce a stronger signal

36
Q

PET advantages

A

High resolution and high quality

Both structures and function of the brain in real time

Gives 3D images

The scanner can detect areas of high radioactivity and so the movement of the tracer through the body and any accumulation of tracer in the brain can be seen
—> indicate whether that region is active or inactive

37
Q

PET disadvantage

A

Patient gets injected with a rdiotracer (radioactive isotopes)

38
Q

What is a blood brain barrier

A

Is a barrier formed by the endothelial cells that lie the capillaries of the brain which are tightly joined together making it difficult for bacteria or therapeutic drugs to enter the brain

39
Q

What could be Parkinson disease

A

Could be genetic factor or environmental factors( toxins, herbicides and pesticides)

40
Q

What part of the brain caused damage to Parkinson disease

A

Loss of nerve cell in substantia nigra which produces dopamine as neurotransmitters = no dopamine production from this area

41
Q

What is substantia nigra involved in

A

Control and coordination of movement

42
Q

Symptoms Parkinson disease

A

Tremor

Slowness of movements

Stiffness of the muscle

Poor balance

43
Q

L dopa

A

Can cross the blood brain barrier
L-dopa can be converted into dopamine
Supplying the brain with L dopa allows the remaining cells to make as muscle dopamine as possible
Reduce stiffness and slow movement

44
Q

Dopamine agonists

A

Produce the same effect as mimic dopamine by binding to and activating dopamine receptors on the post synaptic membrane

45
Q

Enzyme inhibitors (MAOB)

A

Monamine oxidase B (MAOB) inhibitors inhibits the activity of enzyme that would normally breakdown dopamine in the synaptic cleft raising levels of dopamine present in the brain

1)Inhibits the enzyme which cause the breakdown of neurotransmitters in the synapses form the brain

2)more neurotransmitters remains in the synaptic cleft

3)more impulses travel along the post synaptic axon

4)reduce symptoms by producing a more positive mood

46
Q

How does gene therapy relate to Parkinson disease

A

Involve in addition of genes to the affected cells in the brain to either increase dopamine production or prevent the destruction of dopamine-producing cells

47
Q

How does stem cell therapy relate to Parkinson disease

A

Stem cell could be used to replace the lost dopamine-producing cells in the brain

48
Q

Why ecstasy cause depression

A
49
Q

How does ecstasy work

A

1) ecstasy blocks the serotonin reuptake transport system so that synapse are completely flooded with serotonin which cannot be returned to the presynaptic knob

2)stimulate the release of serotonin in the presynaptic knob into the synaptic which affect the postsynaptic membrane and flood the brain with impulse

3)dopamine system are affected with the high level of serotonin stimulating the release of more dopamine

50
Q

What is ecstasy

A

Act as a stimulant

Increase heart rate

Psychotropic drug
—> causes a change in mood
—> alter the way people see the world

51
Q

What effect ecstasy

A

Increased heart rate

Body is unable to regulate its temp.

No desire to drink hence causing hyperthermia (overheat)
—> raised blood pressure
—> irregular heart beat

Death may result

Affect the hypothalamus—> secrete more ADH—> more water reabsorption —> more conc urine(less volume of urine)

52
Q

What is SSRI

A

SSRI inhibits the reputable of protein in the presynaptic membrane so more serotonin remains in the synaptic cleft more impulse travel along the post synaptic axon to relieve the symptoms

53
Q

Example of SSRI PROZAC

A

1) it inhibits the reputable transporters
2)more serotonin remains in the synaptic cleft
3) more impulses travel along the post synaptic axon
4)reduces symptoms by producing more positive mood

54
Q

Causes of depression

A

Low levels of neurotransmitters of serotonin

55
Q

Symptoms of depression

A

Feeling of intense sadness

Loss of interest in pleasureable activities

Low self esteem

Low energy level

56
Q

FUNCTION OF SSRI (SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS)

A

Ssri inhibits the reuptake proteins in the presynaptic membrane so more serotonin remains in the synaptic cleft more impulse travel along the post synaptic neurone axon to relive symptoms

57
Q

Effect on SAN sympathetic

A

Stimulate SAN

Increase frequency of signal

58
Q

Effect on SAN parasympathetic

A

Inhibit SAN

Decrease frequency of signal

59
Q

Sympathetic effect on heart rate

A

Speed up heart rate

60
Q

Parasympathetic heart rate

A

Slow down heart rate

Biology U5 (9 decks)

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