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Biology A-level > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

List the uses of ATP (6 points)

A
  1. Active transport.
  2. Muscle contraction.
  3. Secretory activities.
  4. Activation of other molecules.
  5. Synthesis of proteins and DNA.
  6. Cell division.
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2
Q

Explain why ATP is a suitable energy source (7 points).

A
  1. Immediate energy source but can’t be restored so regularly re-synthesised.
  2. Broken down in a one-step reaction so energy is released quickly.
  3. Releases small suitable amounts of energy that can be managed.
  4. Can be resynthesised.
  5. Soluble- can be transported around the cell.
  6. Can’t leave the cell.
  7. Activates other molecules making them more reactive.
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3
Q

What is and the function of NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

A

A co-enzyme!
It binds temporarily to dehydrogenase enzymes and acts as a carrier for hydrogen.

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4
Q

Describe the 3 ways to synthesise ATP.

A
  1. Substrate-level phosphorylation- phosphate transferred from other molecules.
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation- the energy of oxidation reactions is linked to phosphorylation.
  3. Photophosphorylation- the energy of light linked to phosphorylation.
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5
Q

Write out the respiration equation.

A

Oxygen + glucose …. carbon dioxide + water (energy)
6O2 + C6H12O6 …. 6CO2 + 6H2O + (ATP)

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6
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytosol; fluid part of the cytoplasm.

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7
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

No.

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8
Q

Draw out glycolysis.

A

*Refer to respiration notes.

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9
Q

How many net moles of ATP are produced in glycolysis?

A

2

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10
Q

How many net moles of NAD are reduced in glycolysis?

A

2

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11
Q

How many moles of pyruvate are produced in glycloysis?

A

2

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12
Q

How many moles of oxygen are reuqired in glycolysis?

A

0

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13
Q

How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced in glycolysis?

A

0

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14
Q

How many moles of water are produced in glycolysis?

A

0

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15
Q

Describe and explain the structure of mitochondria (4 points)

A

Double membrane;
1. Outer membrane- permeable to nutrients due to presence of porins.
2. Inner membrane- site of ETC and permeable only to CO2, O2 and H2O.
3. Cristae- folds on inner surface which increases surface area for ATP production.
4. Matrix- mixture of enzymes for ATP production, mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA and DNA.

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16
Q

Where does the link reaction take place?

A

Matrix in the mitochondria.

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17
Q

Is oxygen reuqired in the link reaction?

A

No

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18
Q

What form of transport does pyruvate enter the mitochondria?

A

Active transport

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19
Q

Draw out the link reaction.

A

*Refer to respiration notes.

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20
Q

How many net moles of ATP are produced in the link reaction?

A

0

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21
Q

How many moles of NAD are reduced in the link reaction?

A

2 as 2 pyruvate molecules from glycolysis.

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22
Q

How many moles of acetyl co-enzyme A are produced?

A

2

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23
Q

How many moles of oxygen are required in the link reaction?

A

0

24
Q

How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced in the link reaction?

A

2

25
Q

How many moles of water are produced in the link reaction?

A

0

26
Q

Describe the importance of the link reaction.

A
  1. Per mole of glucose, 2 pyruvate molecules are formed.
  2. Forms 2 acetyl co-enzyme A molecules for use in the Krebs cycle.
  3. Forms 2 moles of reduced NAD for use in the ETC stage.
  4. 2 moles of CO2 released as a by-product.
27
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

Matrix in the mitochondria.

28
Q

Is oxygen required in the Krebs cycle?

A

No

29
Q

What are the 2 types of reaction that occur in the Krebs cycle?

A
  1. Decarboxylation.
  2. Dehydrogenation.
30
Q

Describe the Krebs cycle (4 points)

A
  1. Acetyl co-enzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
  2. This loses 1 carbon as CO2 to form a 5C compound.
  3. This loses 1 carbon as CO2 to form a 4C compound. Decarboxylation.
  4. The compounds are oxidised by the co-enzymes NAD and FAD. These transfer hydrogen to the ETC. Dehydrogenation.
31
Q

Draw out the Krebs cycle.

A

*Refer to repsiration notes.

32
Q

How many moles of ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

2

33
Q

How many moles of NAD and FAD are reduced in the Krebs cycle?

A

6 NAD and 2 FAD.

34
Q

How many moles of oxygen are required in the Krebs cycle?

A

0

35
Q

How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

4

36
Q

How many moles of water are produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

0

37
Q

Where does oxidation phosphorylation take place?

A

ETC- transfer of electrons down a series of carrier molecules in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

38
Q

Is oxygen required in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

O2 is the final electron acceptor.

39
Q

How many moles of ATP are produced in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

30-40

40
Q

How many moles of NAD are reduced in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

0

41
Q

How many moles of oxygen are required in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

6

42
Q

How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

0

43
Q

How many moles of water are produced in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

6

44
Q

Describe chemiosmosis (5 points)

A
  1. Energy is released as electrons pass along the ETC in the cristae.
  2. Energy used to pump protons from the NAD/FAD from the matrix into the intermembranal space.
  3. Proton gradient established.
  4. Protons flood from intermembranal space to matrix down concentration gradient.
  5. Causes ATP synthase to smash ADP + Pi to form ATP.
45
Q

Describe how ATP is made in the mitochondria (8 points).

A
  1. Substrate-level phosphorylation / ATP produced in the Krebs cycle.
  2. Krebs cycle / link reaction produces reduced co-enzyme / reduced NAD / reduced FAD.
  3. Electrons releaseed from reduced / co-eznymes / NAD / FAD.
  4. Electrons pass along carriers / through the electron transport chain / through series of redox reactions.
  5. Energy released as electron moves between carriers in ETC.
  6. Protons move into intermembranal space.
  7. Protons move down concentration gradient through ATP synthase.
  8. ATP / ADP + Pi
46
Q

Describe the importance of oxidative phosphorylation (5 points).

A
  1. Synthesises the rest of the ATP.
  2. Oxygen is reduced to water so that respiration can continue.
  3. NAD and FAD are oxidised and return to glycolysis, links and Krebs.
  4. The series of carrier molecules ensures that the energy from the electrons in reduced NAD and FAD is released in short bursts.
  5. If all this energy was released in one burst, much would be wasted as heat.
47
Q

Draw anaerobic repsiration in mammals.

A

*Refer to respiration notes.

48
Q

Describe lactate fermetation- mammalian muscle cells.

A

Pyruvate is converted into lactate.
Pyruvate accepts hydrogen from reduced NAD.
NAD can now be reduced in glycolysis.

49
Q

Explain why NAD needs to be recycled in anerobic respiration for mammals ( 4 points)

A
  1. Glycolysis is the only way to generate ATP for energy.
  2. Reduced NAD can’t lose its electrons and H+ as the ETC stops without O2 as the final electron acceptor.
  3. Reduced NAD can’t recieve any more electrons and H+.
  4. The reduced NAD needs to be recycled to continue to do glycolysis and release ATP.
50
Q

Describe ethanol fermentation in plants and yeast (3 points)

A
  1. Pyruvate is decarboxylated to form ethanal. CO2 is removed.
  2. Ethanal accepts hydrogen from reduced NAD and is reduced to ethanol.
  3. NAD can now be reused in glycolysis.
51
Q

Draw out ananerobic respiration for yeats and plant cells.

A

*Refer to respiration notes.

52
Q

Describe the issues with animal cells using anaerobic respiration (5 points).

A
  1. Lactate production only produced 2 ATP.
  2. Lactate builds up in muscle cells causing cramp and fatigue.
  3. Lactate is an acid, which decreases pH level affecting enzyme action.
  4. This could inhibit glycolysis, stopping all ATP production.
  5. Lactate needs to be removed.
53
Q

Describe the issues with yeast cells using anaerobic respiration (4 points).

A
  1. Build up of ethanol in cells can become toxic.
  2. Yeast cannot re-oxidise ethanol.
  3. Only small amount of ATP is yielded from glycolysis.
  4. Anaerobic respiration cannot be sustained for long periods.
54
Q

Explain why leaving the apparatus for a specific time before allowing the experiment to carry out is beneficial.

A
  1. Allows pressure changes to stabilise.
  2. Allows respiration rate to stabilise.
55
Q

How do you make the conditions of the repirometer experiemnt anaerobic?

A
  1. Add a layer of oil.
  2. Cannot be doen with animals as they repsire aerobically.

Biology A-level (27 decks)

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