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Biology A-level > Nucleic acids and ATP > Flashcards

Nucleic acids and ATP Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of a genome

A

The number of different genes within an organism.

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2
Q

Defintion of a proteome

A

The number of different proteins the genome is able to code for.

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3
Q

Definition of a gene

A

Section of DNA on a chromosome coding for one or more polypeptide.

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4
Q

Definition of an allele

A

Variation of a gene.

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5
Q

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

A
  1. Phosphate group
  2. Pentose sugar (deoxyribose for DNA / ribose for RNA)
  3. Nitrogen-containing base: uracil (RNA), thymine (DNA), cytosine, guanine and adenine.
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6
Q

State the DNA nitrogen-containing bases (4 points).

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

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7
Q

List the 4 RNA nitrogen-containing bases

A

Adenine
Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine

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8
Q

Label a diagram of a DNA polymer

A

*Refer to Nucleic acids and ATP new notes

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9
Q

7 structures and functions of DNA

A
  1. Sugar phosphate backbone: provides stability and protects bases to keep code sequence intact.
  2. Longer molecule: can store lots of information in DNA base sequence.
  3. Helix: compact shape.
  4. Double-stranded: semi-conservative replication with both strands acting as templates.
  5. Many weak hydrogen bonds between bases for replication: strong but can be unzipped by DNA helicase.
  6. Strands run in opposite directions- anti-parallel: bases face inwards for complementary base pairing, protects DNA base sequence.
  7. Complementary base pairing: accurate replication.
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10
Q

Describe the DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts (2 points).
Where it is found in each organelle?

A
  1. Circular DNA.
  2. No histones- naked DNA.
    Mitochondrial DNA is found in the matrix. Chloroplast DNA is found in the stroma.
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11
Q

Describe the endosymbiosis theory (2 points).

A
  1. Smaller prokaryotic cells being absorbed within a membrane by larger cells forming eukaryotic cells.
  2. Smaller and larger cells live together.
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12
Q

1 similarity and 7 differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA

A
  1. E.DNA is loacted in the nucleus; P.DNA is located in the cytoplasm.
  2. E.DNA is longer; P.DNA is horter.
  3. E.DNA has histones; P.DNA has no histsones- naked DNA.
  4. E.DNA has many non-coding/repetitive regions; P.DNA has some non-coding/repetitive regions.
  5. E.DNA has no plasmids; P.DNA has plasmids.
  6. E.DNA has linear DNA; P.DNA has circular DNA.
  7. E.DNA has hydrogen bonds between bases and phosphodiester bonds between nucelotides; P.DNA has hydrogen bonds between bases and phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides.
  8. E.DNA has deoxyribose sugar; P.DNA has ribose sugar.
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13
Q

What are the 4 functions of non-coding DNA?

A
  1. Promotor region
  2. Terminator region
  3. Enhancer region
  4. Silencer region
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14
Q

What is a promotor region?

A

RNA polymerase can bind during transcription.

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15
Q

What is a terminator region?

A

RNA polymerase released after transcription.

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16
Q

What is an enhancer region?

A

Allows proteins for transcription to bind.

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17
Q

What is a silencer region?

A

Allows proteins to bind to prevent transciption AVP.

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18
Q

Describe RNA

A

A single, shorter polynucloetide chain with ribose pentose sugar and the nitrogenous base: uracil instead of thymine.

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19
Q

Description and function of mRNA

A

Messenger RNA; transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, made in transcription.

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20
Q

Description and function of rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA; component of ribosomes, used in transcription.

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21
Q

Description and function of tRNA

A

Transfer RNA; used in translation.

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22
Q

Describe the structure of mRNA (4 points).

A
  1. Long and single-stranded.
  2. No hydrogen bonds.
  3. Complementary to the template DNA strand.
  4. Contains codons.
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23
Q

Defintion of codons

A

A sequence of three adjacent nueclotides in mRNA that codes for one amino acid.

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24
Q

Describe the function of mRNA (2 points).

A
  1. mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome.
  2. Carries codded sequence for amino acid sequence to the ribosomes.
25
Q

Why is mRNA less stable than DNA?

A

RNA is less stable as it is single-stranded, so doesn’t have hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs and hydrogen bonds provide stability.

26
Q

Descrube the structure of tRNA (3 points).

A
  1. Forms clover-leaf shape held by hydrogen bonds.
  2. One end attaches to a specific amino acid.
  3. Other end has specific anti-codon.
27
Q

Definition of anti-codon

A

A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides on a molecule of transfer RNA that is complementary to a particular codon on a messenger RNA molecule.

28
Q

Function of tRNA

A

Converts codon sequence on mRNA into amino acid sequence on ribosome making primary structure.

29
Q

Explain why tRNA is more stable than mRNA (2 points).

A
  1. tRNA’s clover-leaf shape allows hydrogen bonds to provide stability.
  2. mRNA is single-stranded so no hydrogen bonds.
30
Q

Where is rRNA made?

A

In the nucloelus.

31
Q

Where is rRNA located?

A

The cytoplasm.

32
Q

Describe the structure of rRNA (2 points).

A
  1. Long folded chain combined with proteins held by hydrgen bonds.
  2. There is a small sub unit for mRNA to attach and a large sub unit for tRNA to attach.
33
Q

7 comparisons between RNA and DNA

A
  1. RNA is a single stranded chain; DNA is a double-stranded chain.
  2. RNA is smaller; DNA is larger.
  3. RNA has ribose sugar; DNA has deoxyribose sugar.
  4. RNA contains adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine nitrogen-containing bases; DNA contains adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine nitrogne-containing bases.
  5. mRNA is in the nucleus and cytoplasm / tRNA and rRNA is in the cytoplasm; DNA is in the nucleus.
  6. RNA is temporary; DNA is permanent.
  7. Types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA; types of DNA: 1 (DNA).
34
Q

Compare mRNA, rRNA and tRNA (7 points).

A

*Refer to new nucleic acids and ATP notes

35
Q

Definition of phosphorylation

A

Addition of a phosphate group.

36
Q

What is ATP?

A

A phosphorylated nucleotide.

37
Q

Hydrolysis reaction of ATP

A

ATP …. ADP + Pi
Water is added.
ATPase / ATP hydrolase is used as the enzymes for this reaction.

38
Q

Condensation reaction for ATP

A

ADP + Pi …. ATP
Water is produced.
ATP synthase is used as the enzyme for this reaction.

39
Q

Explain why ATP is used as an energy source. (5 reasons).

A
  1. Releases energy in small amounts.
  2. One bond broken to immediately release energy.
  3. Phosphorylates other molecules to lower activation energy.
  4. Can be easily reformed/resynthesised.
  5. Soluble but cannot leave cell.
40
Q

Compare DNA, mRNA, tRNA and ATP (6 points).

A

*Refer to new nucleic acids notes

41
Q

Semi-conservative replication theory (8 points).

A
  1. DNA helicase separates strands/unzips DNA breaking hydrogen bonds.
  2. Both strands act as a template.
  3. Free nucleotides attach by complementary base pairing.
  4. Adenine to thymine, cytosine to guanine, thymine to adenine, guanine to cytosine.
  5. DNA polymerase joins nucleotides on new strands forming phosphodiester bonds.
  6. Forming sugar-phosphate backbone.
  7. Hydrogen bonds form between bases.
  8. Semi-conseravtive replication/new DNA molecules contain one old strand and one new strand.
42
Q

Describe DNA helicase

A

Breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases separating DNA strands.

43
Q

Describe DNA polymerase

A

Joins nucleotides forming phosphodiester bonds.

44
Q

Defintion of degenerate

A

More than one (base) triplet for each amino acid.

45
Q

Definition of non-overlapping

A

Each base is part of only one triplet/codon.

46
Q

Definition of universal

A

The same triplet codes for the same amino acid in different organisms.

47
Q

Summarise transcription into 1 point.

A

Copy DNA into an mRNA chain.

48
Q

Describe transcription (7points).

A
  1. DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds.
  2. Only one DNA strand acts as a template.
  3. RNA nucleotides attracted to exposed bases by complementary base pairing.
  4. Adenine to uracil, thymine to adenine, cytosine to guanine.
  5. RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides together.
  6. Forming phosphodiester bonds forming pre-mRNA chain.
  7. Pre-mRNA spliced to remove introns in eukarytoic cells.
49
Q

Translation (8 points).

A
  1. mRNA attaches to ribosome.
  2. Ribosome moves to the start codon.
  3. Codon on mRNA binds to anti-codon on tRNA.
  4. Each tRNA molecule brings an amino acid.
  5. Ribsome moves along to next codon.
  6. Sequence of codons on mRNA determines order of amino acids.
  7. Formation of peptide bonds between amino acids by condensation reactions.
  8. Using ATP.
50
Q

Definition of mutation

A

Change to one or more nucleotide bases or change in sequence of bases in DNA.

51
Q

Defintion of mutagens

A

Chemicals that increase the mutation rate.

52
Q

Substitution mutation

A

A DNA base is replaced with another DNA base.

53
Q

Deletion mutation

A

A base is lost from the DNA molecule.

54
Q

Addition mutation

A

A base is inserted into the DNA molecule.

55
Q

Duplication mutation

A

One or more bases is repeated.

56
Q

Inversion mutation

A

A group of bases separate and re-join to DNA molecule at the sae location but in reverse order.

57
Q

Translocation mutation

A

A group of bases from a different chromosome become inserted into the DNA molecule.

58
Q

Frame shift mutation

A

Change in the triplet sequence.

59
Q

Explain the effect of a mutation on a polypeptide chain/functional protein (4 points).

A
  1. Change in DNA base sequence.
  2. Deltion/substitution/addition of a DNA base.
  3. Change in amino acid sequence- primary structure.
  4. Change in tertiary structure.

Biology A-level (27 decks)

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