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respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

explain why all life needs to perform respiration

A

respiration breaks down organic molecules to release energy in bonds.
used to form ATP to perform metabolic activities to live

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2
Q

why is ATP better source of energy for metabolic reactions than glucose

A

ATP -> ADP is a single-step process. energy is immediately available and releases small enough amounts of energy to prevent large amounts of surplus energy.
glucose is not immediate source of energy - first oxidised and energy used to form ATP

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3
Q

4 metabolic activities that require ATP

A

active transport
anabolic reactions - such as synthesis of proteins
movement cilia or flagella
contractile filament movements in muscle cells

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4
Q

site of glycolysis

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

molecules required for glycolysis

A

glucose, 2NAD, 2ADP + 2Pi

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6
Q

products from glycolysis

A

2 reduced NADH, net gain of 2ATP, 2 pyruvate

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7
Q

fate of the products from glycolysis

A

reduced NAD is used to produce more ATP
pyruvate also split up further to drive more ATP synthesis

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8
Q

define substrate level phosphorylation

A

synthesis of ATP by transfer of phosphate group from another molecule

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9
Q

define dehydrogenation

A

the removal of a hydrogen atom

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10
Q

site of the link reaction

A

mitochondrial matrix

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11
Q

molecules required for link reaction

A

2 pyruvate, 2NAD, coenzyme A

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12
Q

products of link reaction

A

2 acetyle coenzyme A, 2 reduced NADH, 2CO2

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13
Q

fate of the products of the link reaction

A

two acetyl groups are delivered to Kreb’s cycle as Acetyle CoA

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14
Q

define decarboxylation

A

removal of carbon dioxide

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15
Q

define oxidative decarboxylation

A

removal of carbon dioxide as well as hydrogen

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16
Q

site of the Krebs cycle

A

matrix of mitochondrion

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17
Q

molecules required for Krebs cycle

A

acetate, NAD, FAD

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18
Q

products from Krebs cycle

A

CO2, reduced NAD, reduced FAD

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19
Q

fate of the products of the Krebs cycle

A

reduced NAD and reduced FAD go on to oxidative phosphorylation

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20
Q

summary of the products of glycolysis, link reaction and the krebs cycle for one molecule of glucose

A

4ATP, 6CO2, 10 reduced NAD, 2 reduced FAD

21
Q

name 3 coenzymes involved in respiration

A

conezyme a
NAD
FAD

22
Q

describe the role of coenzyme a

A

delivers acetate to Kreb’s cycle

23
Q

describe the role of NAD and FAD

A

accept protons and electrons released in the breakdown of glucose

24
Q

define oxidative phosphorylation

A

the synthesis of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP for which energy is obtained by electron transport and which takes place in the mitochorndria during aerobic respiration

25
Q

define electron carrier

A

proteins that accept and release electrons

26
Q

define electron transport chain

A

a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors

27
Q

defiene redox reactions

A

reaction in which both oxidation and reduction occurs

28
Q

what is the chemiosmotic theory

A

the synthesis of ATP driven by a flow of protons across a membrane

29
Q

site of oxidative phosphorylation

A

membranes of christae in mitochondria

30
Q

describe the role of christae in oxidative phosphorylation

A

larger membrane surface area for chemiosmosis - many ATP synthase enzyme in the membrane

31
Q

molecules required for oxidative phosphorylation

A

NADH and FADH

32
Q

products from oxidative phosphorylation

A

Water, ATP

33
Q

fate of the products from oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP used in metabolic reactions, water excreted

34
Q

two sites of chemiosmosis in cells

A

mitochondria (chistae) and chloroplasts (thykaloid membranes)

35
Q

how is a proton gradient is produced in chemiosmosis

A

protons pumped across membrane using energy released from electron transport chain = higher concentration of protons on one side.
Proton gradient forces protons to diffuse through the ATP synthase.

36
Q

which enzyme produces ATP in chemiosmosis

A

ATP synthase

37
Q

compare the source of electrons for chemiosmosis in photosynthesis and respiration

A

photosyntheis - excited electrons from photosystems
respiration - reduced NAD and FAD

38
Q

compare the location for chemiosmosis in photosynthesis and respiration

A

photosynthesis - across thykaloid membrane
respiration - christae

39
Q

what is a similarity of chemiosmosis in photosynthesis and respiration

A

both use the energy from electron transport chain to pump protons across membrane

40
Q

define anaerobic respiration

A

respiration in the absence of oxygen

41
Q

define obligate anaerobe

A

organisms that cannot live in environments containing oxygen

42
Q

define obligate aerobe

A

organisms that only respire aerobically

43
Q

define facultative anaerobe

A

organisms that can respire both aerobically and anaerobically

44
Q

define fermentation

A

anaerobic respiration without the involvement of electron transport chains

45
Q

define alcoholic fermentation

A

fermentation that results in the production of ethanol

46
Q

define lactate fermentation

A

fermentation that results in the proudction of lactate

47
Q

name the types of fermentation different types of cell can do

A

fungi and plant cells - alcoholic fermentation
animal cells - lactate

48
Q

describe the usefulness of anaerobic respiration

A

when there is not sufficient oxygen for aerobic respiration to keep up with energy demands - anaerobic respiration can continue to provide ATP to carry out metabolic processes

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