Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > biotechnology > Flashcards

biotechnology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define clone

A

offspring produced by mitosis - genetically identical to parent organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define asexual reproduction

A

generation of new individuals (mitosis) to make clones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define reproductive cloning

A

using artificial cloning to produce 2 or more individuals that are clones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define vegetative propagation

A

production of plant clones from non-reproductive tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define perennating organ

A

structures in plants that allow them to survive extreme conditions.
- contain stored food
- remain dormant in soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the link between perennating organs and vegetative propagation

A

vegetative propagation takes place from perennating organs after adverse conditions.
When stores of food are used to grow new plants from the organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 4 ways in which plants naturally clone

A
  1. rhizomes
  2. stolons
  3. tubers
  4. bulbs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are rhizomes

A

horizontal underground stems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are stolons

A

horizontal above ground stems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are tubers

A

swollen underground stems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are bulbs

A

swollen, tightly packed, underground leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

define horticulture

A

the branch of agriculture that deals with just plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define agriculture

A

the cultivation and breeding of animals, plant, fungi or food or other resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is the production of natural clones exploited in horticulture

A

create new plants by:
- splitting up bulbs
- removing young plants from runners
- cutting up rhizomes

increases plant numbers cheaply and all have same genetics as parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define taking cuttings

A

removing and planting short sections of stem of a plant in order to produce clones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how is taking cuttings used in horticulture

A

used to increase plant numbers (quicker than seed growing).
all are clones of parents - good stock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

6 ways in which the success rate of taking cuttings can be increased

A
  1. use a non-flowering stem
  2. make oblique cut in the stem
  3. use hormone rooting powder
  4. reduce leaves to two or four
  5. keep cutting well watered
  6. cover the cutting with a plastic bag for a few days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does using a non flowering stem increase success rate of taking cuttings

A

resources in plant aren’t needed to maintain cells of flowers so can be used to grow roots instead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does making oblique cuts in the stem increase success rate of taking cuttings

A

larger surface area for roots to grow from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does using hormone rooting powder increase success rate of taking cuttings

A

encourages the growth of new roots

21
Q

how does reducing leaves to two or four increase success rate of taking cuttings

A

reduces transpiration rate as water uptake is low until new roots are developed

22
Q

how does keeping cutting well watered increase success rate of taking cuttings

A

will die if not enough water and needs to establish roots to draw up enough water itself

23
Q

how does covering the cutting with a plastic bag increase success rate of taking cuttings

A

reduces the loss of water through transpiration while new roots establish

24
Q

5 examples of crops that are propagated by cloning

A

sugar cane, bananas, sweet potatoes, cassava, tea and coffee

25
Q

advantages of propagating crops by cloning

A

large numbers of new plants (especially sterile plants such as seedless grapes)
reliable increasing numbers of rare plants / plants difficult to grow
known genetic profile - produce good quality crops every time
uniform plants - easy harvesting

26
Q

disadvantages of propagating crops by cloning

A

produces a monoculture - all plants are susceptible to the same diseases or changes in environment.
labour intensive
pathogens can be passed from parents

27
Q

advantages of production of individuals by seed

A

genetically diverse
low cost
favoured when low cosr and genetic variety is important
occurs naturally - no need for human intervention

28
Q

disadvantages of production of individuals by seed

A

long growing time
need to maximise pollination
provide ideal requirements for germination
problems when plants difficult to grow from seed
when sexual reproduction is unreliable
dependent on seasons

29
Q

advantages of taking cuttings

A

clones of parents
short growing time
favoured when need good crop quickly / when clones are wanted
guaranteed quality

30
Q

disadvantages of taking cuttings

A

high cost
labour intensive
need to use non flowering stems and rooting hormone
plenty of watering
problems occur when susceptible to drying out and pathogens can be transferred
monoculture is a problem

31
Q

define tissue culture

A

the method of growing plant cells in isolation from the parent plant in sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium

32
Q

define micropropagation

A

the process of making large numbers of genetically identical offspring from a single parent using tissue culture

33
Q

define explant

A

the material removed from a parent plant for tissue culture

34
Q

define callus

A

a mass of undifferentiated plant cells that have grown from an explant

35
Q

why might micropropagation be used to clone plants

A

the desirable plant does not readily produce seeds

desirable plant doesn’t respond well to natural cloning

desirable plant is very rare

desirable plant has been genetically modified or selectively bred with difficulty

desired plant is required to be pathogen free

36
Q

describe the process of micropropagation by callus tissue culture

A
  • take a small sample of tissue from plant (meristem tissue from shoot tips) (sterile conditions to avoid contamination)
  • explant is sterilised
  • place in sterile culture medium containing plant hormones, cells proliferate by mitosis forming a mass of cells known as a callus
  • callus divided and individual cells transferred to a new medium
  • potted into compost to become small plants
37
Q

9 examples of plants produces by micropropagation

A

potatoes, sugar cane, bananas, cassava, strawberries, grapes, chrysanthemums, douglas firs, orchids

38
Q

aruguments for micropropagation

A

can grow plants that are naturally infertile
genetically modified for consumer tastes
known genetic profile
uniform crop
disease free
any season as tissue culture carried out indoors

39
Q

arguments against micropropgation

A

conditions must be kept sterile - aseptic conditions
any infected cultures must be disposed of
expensive
if source material infected with virus, clones will be too.
large numbers of plants can be lost in the process
produces monoculture
labout intensive
explants and plantlets vulnerable to infection

40
Q

what is mitotic parthenogenesis

A

development of an embryo from an unfertilised egg formed by mitosis rather than meiosis so has full number of chromosomes

41
Q

how can animal damage lead to natural cloning

A

multiple pieces develop into new organisms

42
Q

what is monozygotic twinning

A

one zygote splits and forms 2 embryos

43
Q

what is budding

A

new organism develops from an outgrowth (bud) due to cell divison at a particular site.

44
Q

what is fragmentation

A

when organism is split into fragments which each develop into mature, fully grown individuals

45
Q

how can offspring be produces without a mate, but are not clones

A

parthenogenesis in which an egg is fertilised by another egg that are both from the mother. Different alleles/random assortment result in non-clones.

46
Q

define monozygotic

A

monozygotic twins are formed from a single fertilised egg

47
Q

describe how identical twins occur

A

It occurs when one egg is fertilised by one sperm and one zygote forms.
the early embryo splits in two and each half grows into a new individual.

48
Q

state the two ways of artificially cloning animals

A

embryo splitting
somatic cell nuclear transfer

49
Q

describe how animals are clones by splitting embryos

A
  • gametes fuse forming zygote
  • embryo develops to 16-cell stage
  • embryo is separated to individual cells
  • each cell now develops further into a separate and identical embryo
  • surrogate mothers have uterus made ready by hormonal treatment
  • each embryo is implanted into a surrogate mother
  • surrogate mother carry clone to term. identical cloned offspring born

biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions