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biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe the structure of a water molecule

A

oxygen atom covalently bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms. It is a non-linear shape

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2
Q

what bond can link two water molecules together

A

hydrogen bond

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3
Q

what is a hydrogen bond

A

a weak interaction that can occur whenver moleucles contain a slightly negatively charged atom bonded to a slightly positively charged hydrogen

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4
Q

where does hydrogen bonds occur between water molecules

A

between a hydrogen on one molecules and the oxygen of another molecule

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5
Q

define polar

A

has 2 poles - one slightly positive, other slightly negative

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6
Q

why is water a polar molecule

A

electrons are more attracted to the oxygen atom so is pulled towards it, causing the O to be slightly negative and the Hs to be slightly positive

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7
Q

define electronegativity

A

measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

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7
Q

define electronegativity

A

measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

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8
Q

define dipole

A

a molecule in which a concentration of positive electric charge is separated from a concentration of negative charge

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9
Q

list roles water plays in life

A

solvent, transport medium, habitat, reactant, thermal stability, solvent

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10
Q

why is water a useful solvent

A

polar and charged molecules interact with polar water molecules - cluster around them which keeps them apart

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11
Q

why is water a useful transport medium

A

water stays a liquid over a large temperature range - H bonds require lots of energy to break.

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12
Q

why is water a useful coolant

A

high specific heat capacity - H bonds require lots of energy to break

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13
Q

why is water a useful habitat

A

maintains a constant temp.

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14
Q

why is water a useful habitat

A

maintains a constant temperature due to energy required to break H bonds

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15
Q

define hydrophilic

A

property of a molecule that is attracted to water

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16
Q

define hydrophobic

A

property of a molecule that is repelled by water

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17
Q

define cohesion

A

water molecules attracted to one another

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18
Q

define adhesion

A

water molecules attracted to other substances

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19
Q

how is water being transparent to light make it useful for life

A

plants growing under water can get light for photosynthesis and aquatic animals can see underwater

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20
Q

explain how water can dome above the level of the container it is in

A

cohesion between water molecules causing surface tension due to hydrogen bonds

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21
Q

explain how water can form a meniscus in a measuring cyclinder

A

adhesion to sides of container draws molecules up

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22
Q

explain capillary action of water in a narrow tube

A

cohesion between water molecules and adhesion to other molecules causes water to move up narrow spaces

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23
Q

define monomer

A

individual molecules that make up a polymer

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24
Q

define polymer

A

long-chain molecules compsed of multiple individual molecules (monomers) in a repeating pattern

25
Q

define macromolecule

A

large complex molecules with large molecular masses

26
Q

define dimer

A

a molecule consisting of two identical molecules linked together

27
Q

define oligomer

A

a polymer whose molecules consist of relatively few repeating units

28
Q

define condensation reaction

A

reaction between two molecules to form a bigger one, releases a water molecule

29
Q

define hydrolysis reaction

A

the breakdown of a molecule into two smaller molecules requiring the addition of a water molecule

30
Q

define metabolism

A

chemical processes in a living organism in order to maintain life

31
Q

define catabolic reaction

A

reactions of metabolism that break molecules into smaller units. release energy

32
Q

define anabolic reaction

A

reactions of metabolism that construct molecules from smaller units - require energy from hydrolysis of ATP

33
Q

4 main categories of biological molecule

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

34
Q

what is a single bond

A

chemical bond which one pair of electron is shared between two atoms

35
Q

define double bond

A

chemical bond that shares two pairs of electrons between two atoms

36
Q

what elements are present in carbohydrates

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

37
Q

general formula of carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n

38
Q

define monosaccharide

A

a single sugar molecule

39
Q

define disaccharide

A

a molecule comprised of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond

40
Q

define polysaccharide

A

a polymer made of many sugar monomers

41
Q

define pentose sugar

A

a monosaccharide composed of 5 carbons

42
Q

define hexose sugar

A

a monosaccharide composed of 6 carbons

43
Q

define triose sugar and give an example

A

monosaccharide composed of 3 carbons
e.g. glyceraldehyde

44
Q

define furanose ring

A

5 membered ring
e.g. fructose

45
Q

define pyranose ring

A

a 6-membered ring e.g. glucose

46
Q

define isomer

A

molecules with same atoms but arranged differently

47
Q

what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

the hydrogen and hydroxyl groups on carbon 1 are reversed

48
Q

what are the differences between alpha glucose and ribose

A

glucose is pyranose, ribose is furanose

glucose used in starch and glycogen
ribose used in RNA

49
Q

which monosaccharides make up sucrose

A

alpha glucose and fructose

50
Q

which monosaccharides make up maltose

A

two alpha glucose

51
Q

which monosaccharides make lactose

A

alpha glucose and galactose

52
Q

how do two glucose molecules form a disaccharide

A

condensention reaction on carbons 1 and 4, between hydroxyl groups
water is lost, bond is formed by remaining oxygen atom

53
Q

what is the reaction that breaks glycosidic bonds

A

hydrolysis - breaking the bond by the addition of water

54
Q

why does alpha glucose form starch and beta glucose form cellulose

A

due to the arrangement of the H/OH on carbon 1.
1-4 glycosidic bonds in alpha glucose mean they can bond all facing the same way up but beta needs need to flip 180 degrees every time.

55
Q

which polysaccharides make up starch

A

amylose (1-4 bonds only) and amylopectin (both 1-4 and 1-6)

56
Q

why are glycosidic bonds 1-4, 1-6

A

describes the bonds between the OH group on either carbon 1-4 or 1-6

57
Q

describe the structure of cellulose fibre

A

several cellulose molecules = microfibril
several microfibrils = macrofibril
macrofibrils laid down in layers to form cell wall

58
Q

what are the properties and functions of starch

A

coils into helix
amylase unbranched, amylopectin branched
compact and insoluble - ideal for storage, food store in plants

59
Q

properties and functions of glycogen

A

more branched than amylopectin
coils into helix
compact and insoluble - ideal for storage in animals and fungi

60
Q

properties and functions of cellulose

A

biology (8 decks)

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